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q describe coronary spasmusually spasm develops at the site of subcritical or critical stenoses but it may also occur in angiographically normal
coronary vasoconstriction1 coronary flow limiting stenoses are caused by concentric or eccentric artherosclerotic plaques with or without potential
1 the presence of epicardial coronary artery stenosis caused by artherosclerotic plaques is by far the most frequent angiographic finding in any
baroreceptor activity affects coronary vascular resistance reflexly with carotid occlusion baroreceptor hypotension leads to reflex adrenergic
q define neural and neurotransmitter controlcoronary arteries are richly innervated by adrenergic and parasympathetic nerves both alpha 1 and alpha 2
q what are diastolic compressive forcescoronary perfusion pressure equal to pressure gradient between the coronary arteries and the pressure in lv in
most of the coronary blood flow to the left ventricular myocardium occurs during diastole thus the contracting heart obstructs its own blood supply
the ability to maintain myocardial perfusion at constant levels in the face of changing driving presence is termed autoregulation in normal cases
endothelium is a source of vasoconstrictor factor also the best characterized of these are the endothelins endothelium produces only et1 unlike no
vasoactive substances such as endothelium derived relaxing factors edrf prostacyclin and endothelin can be formed in the vascular endothelium
q describe about coronary reactive hyperemiamyocardium depends almost completely on aerobic metabolism occlusion of a coronary artery even briefly
q can you define regulation of coronary blood flowduring diastole when the aortic valve av is closed aortic diastolic pressure is transmitted through
q can you explain relation between coronary artery and myocardial supplyansthere is a well-established relation between a given epicardial coronary
the epicardial coronary artery system consists of the left and right coronary arteries which normally arise from ostia located in the left and right
q define thrombospondin polymorphismsthrombospondin polymorphisms may present an initial insight into our understanding of the genetic contribution
q association of fibrinogen with cardiovascular risk factorsansfibrinogen a large glycoprotein made mostly in the liver is a clotting factor that
possible mechanisms of increased risk are that hyperhomocystinemia may impair release of nitric oxide form endothelial cells stimulate proferation of
q define the risk reduction in cardiovascular diseaseansweight loss by caloric restriction diets has been shown to decrease plasma crp levels
crp is a marker of systemic inflammation as the role of inflammation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis becomes better understood
q will sedantary lifestyle increased risk for cada sedantary life style is associated with increased risk for cad sedentary persons have almost
q can obesity causes the cardiovascular diseaseobesity is established as a leading predictor of cad and is associated with several cardiovascular
q can pathophysiology causes cardiovascular diseasecigarette use activates platelets increases circulating fibrinogen increases heart rate and
q find out risk factors for coronary disease1 tobaccosmoking the single most preventable cause of death is a leading risk factor for cad
the presence of advanced plaques of types iv and va allows clinical symptoms to develop atherosclerosis is a biphasic disease in the first stage
q describe the basic mechanisms in plaque formationin experimental models and human disease the first morphologic phenomenon observed in plaque