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why a covalent bond is directional covalent bond is formed as a result of pairing of two electrons in atomic orbitals of two atoms bond then must
what is the meaning of casting - fabrication processes fe-c alloys with more than 2 carbon are known as cast irons on crossing liquidus proeutectic
illustrate ib brief about the single crystal growth single crystals are grown either by czochralski cz method or by float zone fz method it comprises
determine the term - photolithography as used in manufacture of ics it is the process of transferring geometrical shapes on a mask to surface of a
define the process of metallization - fabrication processes its the process of providing electrical connections between different parts of the
explain objectives of annealing discuss the various annealing processes is spheroidising different from annealing illustrate a slow
what are ferrox cubes and ferrites how are mixed ferrites prepared for industrial uses give an account of applications of ferrites pointing out their
differentiate soft magnetic material from hard magnetic material in respect of hysteresis losses eddy current losses and domain wall motion with
define the term - local electric field and polarizationlocal electric field its the sum of the electric field from external sources and field of the
explain about the dielectric breakdown dielectric breakdown of a dielectric material is because of the excitation
what is dielectric loss these losses occur because of electrons hopping from one lattice site to another in transition metal
describe hall effect briefly discuss physical origin and uses of hall effectansif a conducting bar is placed in a magnetic field b perp to its axis
designate on an energy level diagram thee conduction and valence bands acceptor amp donor states and position of fermi level fori an intrinsic
determine the purpose of quenchingquenching is most generally used to harden steel by introducing martensite in which case steel should be rapidly
explain the purposes of temperingtempering is a heat treatment approach for alloys and metals in steels tempering is done to toughen the metal by
what is the purpose of zone refining in a binary phase diagram pressure omitted what is the maximum number of phases which can coexist for at least
determine about the line and surface imperfectionline imperfection displacement with a curved boundary produces a mixed dislocation line at the
state about the point imperfection they are imperfect point-like regions in the crystal one or two atomic diameters is the typical size of a point
discuss cohesive energy and electron affinitylsquocohesive energyrsquo in a chemical bond itrsquos the energy required to dissociate a solid into
what are distinguishing characteristics of metallic bonding metallic state can be visualized like an array of
calculate ionisation potential of the electron in the first exited state of singly ionised helium atom is given by ionisation of hydrogen atom to be
there are 13 electrons in an element whose nucleus comprise 14 neutrons obtain atomic number and atomic weight of this element if atomic weight of
when does intrinsic semiconductor become an extrinsic semiconductor illustratesemiconductor doping is the process which changes an intrinsic
how are p-type and n-type semiconductor obtained a p-type semiconductor is attained by carrying out a process of doping which is adding a certain
what are similarities and differences of primitive cells and unit cells ans unit cell is the basic building block