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assembler directives and operatorsthe major advantage of machine language programming is directly that the memory control is in the hands of the
flag manipulation and processor control instructionsthese instructions control the functioning of available hardware inside the processor chip these
ret return from the procedure-at each call instruction the register ip and register cs of the next instruction is pushed to stack before the control
control transfer or branching instructioncontrol transfer instructions transfer the flow of execution of the program to a new address specified in
lods load string byte or string word-the lods instruction loads alax register by the content of a string pointed to by dssi register pair the si is
rep repeat instruction prefix -this instruction is utilized as a prefix to other instructions the instruction in which the rep prefix is provided is
string manipulation instructiona series of words or data bytes are available in memory at consecutive locations to be mention to individually or
test logical compare instruction the test instruction performs bit by bit logical and operation on the 2 operands each bit of the result is then set
logical instruction this type of instructions is utilized for carrying out the bit by bit shift basic logical operations or rotate all of the
div unsigned division- this instruction performs unsigned division operation it divides an unsigned word or double word by a 16-bit or 8-bit operand
cbw convert signed byte to word this instruction converts a signed byte to a signed word in other terms it copies the sign bit of a byte to be
imul signed multiplication this instruction multiplies a signed byte by a signed bit in source operand e in the register al or signed word in source
neg negate- the negate instruction forms the 2s complement of the particular destination in the instruction for obtaining 2s complement it subtracts
aam ascii adjust for multiplication after execution this instruction converts the product available in the al into unpacked bcd format this
aas ascii adjust al after subtraction aas instruction correct the result in the al register after subtracting operation of two unpacked ascii
cmp compare - this instruction compares the source operand which can be a register or memory location an immediate data with a destination operand
sbb subtract with borrow - the subtract with borrow instruction subtracts the source operand and the borrow flag cf which might reflect the
sub subtract- the subtract instruction subtracts the source operand from destination operand and result is left in the destination operand source
dec decrement - the decrement instruction subtracts 1 from the contents of the particular memory location or register all the conditions code
inc increment - this instruction increments the contents of the particular memory or register location by the value 1 all the condition code flags
adc add with carry-this instruction performs the similar operation a like add instruction but adds the carry flag bit which might be set as a result
add add - this instruction adds an immediate contents of a memory location specified in the a register source or instruction to the contents of
arithmetic instruction these instructions are usually perform the arithmetic operations like
ldsles instruction execution lahf load ah from lower byte of flag - this instruction loads the ah register with the lower byte of the flag