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read statementsthe common format for the read statements is as shown bellowformat 1read file-name record into identifier
procedure division statements for the relative filesthe statements open close read write and rewrite that are available for sequential files are also
relative filesthe files that are stored on a direct access storage medium like magnetic disk are frequently known as direct access files the cobol
record description for the variable-length recordswhen the variable- length records consists of records of various lengths each record type is to be
sequential files with the variable-length recordsthe magnetic - tape or disk files can hold variable-length records in this situation the file can
rewrite statementthe rewrite statement is used to update the existing record in a disk filethe normal format is as shown belowrewrie
write statementthe write statement for tape and sequential-disk files has the syntax shown belowwrite
close statementthe simplified syntax of the close statement is as shown below close file-name-1
statements for sequential filesa basic operation on a file includes the reading and writing of its recordswhenever the file is sequential there are
nonstandard clausesthe various clauses explained above are as per the ansi standard also most compilers provide for additional nonstandard clauses to
data record clausethe data record clause documents the record names defined for the file for illustration data records are rec-1 rec-2 rec-3 that
block contains clauseinteger -1 of the block contains clause indicates the block size either in terms of records or in terms of characters for
file status clausethis clause has been involved in the above syntax for completeness the organization reverse access and status clause can be
reserve clausethis clause indicates the number of buffers to be used for the fileinteger-1 specifies this numberorganizationaccess clausethese two
label records disk directorythe most important information stored in the header label is what is termed as the file title in the situation of
buffersthe modern computers are able of handling i-o operations independent of the cpu by means of the hardware termed as data channelfor
block sizethe normal practice is to group a number of consecutive records to form that is termed as a block or a physical record the number of
file characteristicsthe task of file handling is the responsibility of the system software termed as iocs input-output control systemrecord sizewe
sequential files the purpose of the proposed section is to introduce the concepts such as file characteristicsfile description for fixed-length
program for renames clauseidentification divisionprogram- idenvironment divisiondata divisionworking-storage section01 emp 02
programs for redefines clausewe have to write a simple program to explain the redefines clause at 01 levelidentification divisionprogram- id
program for perform - varyingwe have to write a program to elaborate perform varyingidentification divisionprogram- id perfvaryenvironment
program for perform untilwe have to write a program to find the sum of n natural numbersidentification divisionprogram- id perfuntilenvironment
program for perform - thruwe have to write a program to elaborate perform thru statementidentification divisionprogram- id perfthruenvironment
program for simple performwe have to write a program to elaborate simple perform statementidentification divisionprogram- id perf1environment