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  Thyroid gland and thyroxine

Thyroid gland and thyroxine:

Thyroid gland contains a pair of lobes that lie one on either side of the larynx in the neck area. The paired lobes are connected by a narrow anterior bridge of glandular tissue termed as Isthmus of the thyroid. The lobes of thyroid in turn are divided into several lobules. The lobules contain follicles. The follicles are termed as acini (i.e., acinus – singular). Each acinus is lined with glandular cubical epithelial cells. The cavity of acinus is filled with gelatinous material termed as colloid that contains the thyroxine. The hormone thyroxine is an iodinated hormone. It has 65% iodine. The amino acid remainder in thyroxine is tyrosine.

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                                                        Figure: thyroid gland


Functions of thyroid:

Thyroxine stimulates common growth and development, particularly the skeletal and nervous systems. It controls the rate of cellular oxidation and raises the basal metabolic rate. The basal metabolic rate (i.e., BMR) is stated as the quantity of heat generated in the body in a specific time, in complete state of physical and mental rest at 20o C room temperature.

Actions of thyroxine:

(A) This hormone is very necessary for the growth of nervous system mainly at the time of birth and during the first year,

(B) This hormone raises the metabolism of all tissues excluding brain, lymph nodes, gonads and accessory sex organs, spleen and lungs.

(C) The most significant function is to raise the absorption of glucose from minute intestine.

(D) This hormone decreases serum cholesterol level,

(E) It encourages protein anabolism, and aids in growth,

(F) It raises heart beat rate, pulse pressure and force of contraction,

(G) Presence of optimum level of thyroxine in blood maintains proficient muscle functions and

(H) The optimum level of thyroxine in the blood is also essential for common gonadal function.

 

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