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  Carboxylation reactions

Carboxylation reactions:

Hatch-Slack pathway includes 2 carboxylation reactions. One occurs in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells and another is occurs in chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells.

1. The first step includes the carboxylation of phosphoenol pyruvic acid within the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells to create a 4C compound, oxaloacetic acid. This reaction is catalysed through the enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase

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2. Oxaloacetic acid is transformed into aspartic acid through the enzyme transaminase or it might be reduced to malic acid by NADP+ particular malate dehydrogenase.

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3. Malic acid/aspartic acid created in chloroplast of mesophyll cells is transmitted  to the chloroplasts  of bundle sheath in which it is decarboxylated to create  CO2  and pyruvic  acid in the existence  of NADP+ particular malic enzyme.

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4. Here, second carboxylation takes place in chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells. Ribulose bisphosphate aalows CO2 generated in step (3) in the existence of RuBP carboxylase and yields 3-phosphoglyceric acid. A number of the 3-phosphoglyceric acid molecules are used to generate sucrose and starch when remaining PGA molecules are employed for the reproduction of RuBP.

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5. The pyruvic acid generated in step (3) is transmitted to the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells in which it is phosphorylated to reproduce phosphoenolpyruvic acid. This reaction is catalysed through pyruvate kinase in the existence of Mg2+.

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The AMP is phosphorylated through ATP in the existence of adenylate kinase to create 2 molecules of ADP.

C4 plants are photosynthetically more proficient as compared to the C3 plants, since the net need of ATP and NADPH2 for the fixation of one molecule of CO2 is significantly lower in C4 plants as compared in C3 plants.

Difference among the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways:

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