The Moundbuilders were Native Americans, ancestral to living Native Americans encountered by Europeans upon arrival in North America. Question: what are the different expectations of these two paradigms? How could these different expectations be tested against the archaeological record of the Moundbuilder sites? Critical Tests: 1) Was there continuity between the artifact types and styles found in Moundbuilder Sites with artifact types and styles found in living or historically documented Native American societies in North America?