During the 1540s the turning point in the direction of the Catholic Reformation was exemplified by
a. the Council of Trent, which invited Protestants to discuss their doctrines.
b. the pontificate of Paul IV, a moderate pope who proposed to adjudicate all Catholic-Protestant disputes.
c. Pope Paul III, who proved to be an ultra-conservative in refusing possible changes within the church.
d. the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index of Forbidden Books.
e. the recognition that the Jesuits would serve as the ultimate authority in the Catholic Church.