A 0.145-kg ball is thrown horizontally at +19.0 ????^ m/s and is hit back at -52.0 ????^ m/s. If the contact time between bat and ball is 13.0 ms, calculate:
a) The change in momentum of the ball
b) The average force between the ball and bat during contact
c) The change in kinetic energy of the ball
d) During the collision, the bat swings around by 120o.
Calculate the magnitude of the torque applied to the bat, assuming conservation of energy.