Nash Equilibrium:
Some games do not have a dominant strategy equilibrium. In these cases, we look for a strategically stable solution – one that none of the players would choose to deviate from.
Strategies s * = (s1 *,.... , si* ) are a Nash equilibrium if each strategy
* is a best response to the other strategies. That is, si * solves max πi (s1 *,.... , si-1* s1 *,.... , si* si+1 *,.... , sI*)
To start simply, let’s consider the following 2 × 2 game:
First, there are no dominant strategies. Second, there is a Nash equilibrium. To see this, suppose Jill plays Up, so Jack’s best response is Left and Jill’s best response is Up. Each is a best response to the other, so (Up, Left) is a Nash equilibrium. One can show that (Down, Right) is also a Nash equilibrium. However, the other two pairs are not.Battle of the Sexes:
In Jack and Jill’s 2 × 2 game, there are multiple Nash equilibria. Likewise, the following Battle of the Sexes game has two Nash equilibria.
Fred and Ethel choose strategies simultaneously without coordination. Clearly, they like to be together: going separate ways is not a Nash equilibrium. But there are two Nash equilibria: both go to the boxing match or both go to the opera. Unlike Jack and Jill’s game, one Nash equilibrium dominates the other. So as a refinement of Nash equilibrium, we expect Fred and Ethel to go to the Opera. If multiple Nash equilibria cannot be ranked, then there’s no telling what might happen.
Mixed Strategies:
Must there be at least one Nash equilibrium? Yes, but we might not find it in pure strategies, which is what we’ve analyzed so far. More generally, players can randomize their strategies. These are called mixed strategies. Assume we find no Nash equilibrium. We then need to check best responses that take the form of a probability associated with each strategy. This is best implicit in the context of sports competition.
Consider a simplified version of the game played by a pitcher and a batter in baseball. The pitcher has two strategies concerning the pitch he will throw: Fastball or Curve. The batter’s two strategies are: Rush or Wait. If the batter guesses wrong, he’s sure to make an out; if he correctly guesses curve ball, he’s sure to get a hit; if he correctly guesses fastball, however, his probability of getting a hit is p therefore the game matrix is:
For this zero-sum game. One can authenticate that there is no Nash equilibrium in pure strategies. For instance, if the pitcher chose to throw a curve, the batter would wait, which implies that the pitcher wouldn’t want to throw a curve.
To find the Nash equilibrium in mixed strategies, we also assume that each player is an expected utility-maximizer. If the pitcher throws a fastball, his expected payoff would be πR (1− p) + (1− πR) ⋅1, where πR is the probability the batter rushes. Similarly, if the pitcher throws a curve, his expected payoff would be π R . Therefore, the pitcher’s best response function is the solution to:
max πfπf [πr (1− p) +(1− πr)] + (1− πf) πr
given πr. The solution to this problem is
π* r= 1/(1+P) ............(v)
That is, to make the pitcher indifferent between throwing fastballs and curve balls, the batter’s probability of rushing must be π* r
We must also solve the batter’s problem. The batter chooses π r to maximize his expected utility given the pitcher’s mixed strategy.
The solution is:
π*f = 1/(1+P) ...........(vi)
If p = 1/2, fastballs would be thrown and anticipated two-third of the time. Notice, the better the batter is at hitting an anticipated fastball, the less likely he’ll see one. What’s the batter’s usual batting average? (p/(1+P)) . Do better batters have higher equilibrium batting averages?
(Yes, but the pitcher’s response attenuates the effect of skill on batting average.)
Latest technology based Microeconomics Online Tutoring Assistance
Tutors, at the www.tutorsglobe.com, take pledge to provide full satisfaction and assurance in Microeconomics help via online tutoring. Students are getting 100% satisfaction by online tutors across the globe. Here you can get homework help for Microeconomics, project ideas and tutorials. We provide email based Microeconomics help. You can join us to ask queries 24x7 with live, experienced and qualified online tutors specialized in Microeconomics. Through Online Tutoring, you would be able to complete your homework or assignments at your home. Tutors at the TutorsGlobe are committed to provide the best quality online tutoring assistance for Microeconomics Homework help and assignment help services. They use their experience, as they have solved thousands of the Microeconomics assignments, which may help you to solve your complex issues of Microeconomics. TutorsGlobe assure for the best quality compliance to your homework. Compromise with quality is not in our dictionary. If we feel that we are not able to provide the homework help as per the deadline or given instruction by the student, we refund the money of the student without any delay.
Diagrams and charts show information in an easy and effective way. They available the information looks impressive and attractive.
Is it tough for you to handle your academic tasks precisely & promptly? Avail Italian Renaissance Art Assignment Help today!
tutorsglobe.com classification of grafts assignment help-homework help by online transplantation immunology tutors
Limited companies can range in size from relatively small to very large. Some individuals who subscribe capital and become the owners might be limitless that gives the opportunity to form a very large-scale business.
tutorsglobe.com metabolic events assignment help-homework help by online cell as a physiological unit tutors
tutorsglobe.com hepatitis b assignment help-homework help by online hepatitis viruses tutors
Theory and lecture notes of Geometric Sequences all along with the key concepts of geometric sequences, Common Ratio, General Term of geometric sequence, Partial Sum and Infinite Sum. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Geometric Sequences.
tutorsglobe.com humoral immunity assignment help-homework help by online immunity tutors
tutorsglobe.com thyrotrophic hormone assignment help-homework help by online metabolic functions of the growth hormone tutors
tutorsglobe.com characteristics of inheritance assignment help-homework help by online concept of heredity and variation tutors
identify the fault occurred in am radio receiver (50 hz hum sound) and rectified it
Avail the paramount Macroeconomics Assignment Help service by the qualified Ph.D. tutors and secure top grades today at fair prices.
Diversity of Disaccharides tutorial all along with the key concepts of Composition of Disaccharides, Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Trehalose, Cellobiose, Gentiobiose, Reducing and Non-reducing Disaccharides
fungi tutorial all along with the key concepts of structure of fungi, nutrition and growth of fungi, reproduction in fungi, fungi adaptation and economic significance of fungi
tutorsglobe.com characteristics of entropy assignment help-homework help by online entropy tutors
1956268
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1462935
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!