Write balanced equations for the combustion of each

Question

Question 1.

(a) Give three examples for each of natural (free) convection and forced convection which occur in industrial processes.

(b) The Grashof number and the Reynolds number appear in most correlations of experimental data for convective heat transfer. Explain, in a maximum of 150 words, the mechanisms of natural and forced convection with particular reference to the above non-dimensional groups.

(c) An appropriate correlation for heat transfer by natural convection from a horizontal pipe to the atmosphere is

Nu = 0 53Gr^0.25Pr^0.25

where Gr = αρ²d³(T_s - T_f)g/μ²

and  Pr = c_pμ/k

Show that the above correlation can be simplified to

h = 1.34((T_s - T_f/d)^0.25Wm^-2K^-1

when air has the values listed below

α = 3.077 x 10^-3k^-1 ρ= 1.086 kg m^-3, c_p =1.0063 kJ kg-1K^-1

k= 2.816 x 10^-5 kW m^-1 μ = 1.962 x10^-5 kg m^-1s^-1

(d) The outer surface of the insulation on a horizontal steam pipe has a radius of 50 mm and is at a temperature of 90°C The atmospheric air surrounding the pipe is at a temperature of 14°C. and has the property values listed in part (c) above. Estimate the rate of heat loss by natural convection to the atmosphere by each metre length of pipe.

Question 2: (a) Explain how heat is bst from a hot surface to the surrounding air.

(b)

(i) Explain the effect of insulating a hot surface.
(ii) What is meant by the economic thickness of lagging?

(c) What is the purpose of a silvered coating. usually of a good conductor, on the outside of most insulation?

Question 3: Butanol at a temperature of 28°C is pumped at a velocity of 14 m s^-1 through a 100 mm diameter tube kept at a wall temperature of 90°C The properties of butanel are given below.

Determine the convective heat transfer coefficient (you will find the appropriate correlation in the lessons).

Data:

p = 950 kg m^-3

c_p = 2.142 kJ kg^-1 K^-1

μ = 2.9 X 10^-3 kg m^-1 s^-1 at 28°C

μ = 12 x 10^-3 kg m^-1 s^-1 at 90°C

k = 2.4 X 10^-4 kW m^-1 K^-1

Question 4. (a) Process water with a specific heat capacity of 4.182 kJ kg^-1 K^-1 flows at a rate of 0.050 kg s^-1 through a heat exchanger where its temperature is increased from 16°C to 85°C. Heat is supplied by exhaust gases (mean specific heat capacity 1.075 kJ kg^-1 K^-1) which enter the heat exchanger at a temperature of 420°C. If the mass flowrate of the exhaust gases is 0.044 kg s^-1, determine their outlet temperature.

(b) The heat exchanger in Question 1 (a) above is of the double-pipe type, and the fluids are in counter flow. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 35 W m^-2 K^-1, calculate the size of the heat transfer surface.

(c) What would be the new heat transfer area if the fluids were in parallel flow?

(d) Describe what is wrong with the sketch of the temperature profiles for the parallel-flow heat exchanger shown in FIGURE 1 and draw the correct version.

Question 5. (a) The data in TABLE 1 below relates to a specific heat exchanger. A reliable colleague has looked up an effectiveness chart and says that the effectiveness in the given operating conditions is 0.82.

 

	'Hot' fluid	'Cold' fluid
Mass flowrate kg s-1	0.7	0.6
Specific heat capacity kJ kg-1 K-1	1.8	4.2
Inlet temperature °C	140	15

TABLE 1

Area of heat transfer surface 14 m².

Overall heat transfer coefficient 360 W m^-2 K^-1. Determine:
(i) the two outlet temperatures
(ii) the heat transfer rate.

(b) Another colleague, who is not altogether reliable, has analysed the heat exchanger, referred to in Question 2 (a), using the correction- factor method and he claims that the correction factor is 0.595. Confirm whether he is correct or not.

Question 6. (a) Dry saturated steam at a temperature of 180ºC is to be produced in a fire tube boiler from the cooling of 50 000 kg h^-1 of flue gases from a pressurised combustion process. The gases enter the tubes of the boiler at 1600ºC and leave at 200ºC. The feed water is externally preheated to 180ºC before entering the boiler.

The mean specific heat capacity of the flue gases is 1.15 kJ kg^-1 K^-1. The latent heat of vaporisation of the water at 180ºC is 2015 kJ kg^-1. Feed water temperature = 180ºC.

Determine the amount of steam produced per hour, if the total heat loss is 10% of the heat available for steam raising.

(b) The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the tubes is given as 54 W m^-2 K^-1. Determine the area of heat transfer required to perform this duty.

(c) The tubes within the boiler are to be 25 mm inside diameter with a wall thickness of 3 mm. The average flue gas velocity through the tubes to maintain the overall heat transfer coefficient value and to minimise pressure losses is to be more than 22 m s^-1 and less than 28 m s^-1.

Assuming that the average density of the flue gases is 1.108 kg m^-3, calculate:

(i) the minimum and maximum number of tubes in each pass

(ii) the overall length of tubes at each of these numbers of tubes

(iii) the minimum number of tube passes in each case, if the length of a boiler tube is to be less than 5 metres.

Question 7: Liquid ammonia is heated as it flows at a mean velocity of 2 ms^-1 through a circular pipe. The pipe, which has an internal diameter of 75 mm, is at a uniform temperature of 27°C, and the ammonia at a section 12 m from the inlet to the pipe has a temperature of -23°C. Use the following information to estimate the local heat transfer flux at l = 1.2 m. Note, the properties of ammonia liquid have been taken at -23°C, except where stated.

Liquid ammonia properties:

Density = 600 kg m^-3

Specific hes capacity = 4.86 kJ kg^-1 K^-1

Dynamic viscosity (at 27°C) = 1.19 x 10^-4 kg m^-1

Dynamic viscosity = 2.05 x 10^-4 kg m^-1s^-1

Thermal conductivity = 5.11 x 10^-4 kW m^-1s^-1

Heat transfer correlations:

N_u = 1.86Re^1/3Pr^1/3(d/l)1/3(μ/μ_w)0.14 for turbulent flow.

N_u = 0.023Re^0.8Pr^0.33an for turbulent flow.

Question 8:

(a) Explain what is meant by an 'overall heat transfer coefficient'.

(b) Explain what is meant by fouling and what its effect will be on the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient.

(c) A heat exchanger is to be aced to heat a process liquid within the tubes using saturated steam at 100°C. The tubes have an inside diameter of mm and outside diameter of 22 mm. It is estimated that the inner surface heat trawler coefficient will be 4.2 kW m^-2 K^-1 and the outer surface heat transfer coefficient will be 15.4 kW m^-2 K^-1 when the exchanger is clean. In order to allow for possible fouling during use you should assume a fouling factor of 1.12 x 10^-4 m² K W^-1 win be applicable.

Estimate:

(i) the overail heat transfer coefficient in use

(ii) the heat transfer rate when the relevant average temperature difference between steam and fluid is 50°C and the heat exchanger has 100 tubes eac h of 5 m in length.

Question 9:

1. A fuel gas consists of 75% butane (C₄H₁₀), 10% propane (C₃H₈) and 15% butene (C₄H₈) by volume.

It is to be fed to the combustion chamber in 10% excess air at 25ºC, where it is completely burnt to carbon dioxide and water. The flue gases produced are to be used to generate 5 bar steam from water at 90ºC.

With the aid of the data at the end of the question, steam tables and the enthalpy table given in the Appendix of lesson HTC - 4 - 2:

(a) Write balanced equations for the combustion of each component of the fuel gas.

(b) Explain the need for excess air.

(c) Determine the actual fuel:air ratio

(i) by volume
(ii) by mass.

(d) Calculate:

(i) the net calorific value (CV) per m³ of the fuel/air mix at 25ºC
(ii) the net calorific value (CV) per kmol of the fuel/air mix at 25ºC.

(e) Determine the composition of the flue gases by volume (assuming the inlet air is dry):

(i) on a wet basis
(ii) on a dry basis.

(f) Determine the maximum flame temperature.

(g) State how varying the amount of excess air may affect the flame temperature.

(h) Determine the ‘furnace efficiency' if the flue gases leave the boiler at 300ºC.

(i) If 5% of the heat available for steam production is lost to the atmosphere, determine the amount of steam raised per hour when the total flow of flue gases is 1400 kmol h^-1.

(j) Determine the dew point temperature assuming that the flue gas pressure is 1.00 bar and the inlet air:

(i) is dry

(ii) contains 0.8 kg water per kmol of air at the temperature of the inlet air.

(k) If the flue gases exiting the boiler are used to preheat the water fed to the boiler from a temperature of 28ºC to 90ºC and assuming:

- a mean specific heat capacity for water over this temperature range to be 4.2 kJ kg^-1 K^-1

- a mean molar heat capacity for the flue gases up to 300ºC to be 31 kJ kmol-1 K^-1

- 10% of the heat required to heat the water is lost in the heat exchanger

- all water entering the system is converted to steam

determine the final outlet temperature of the flue gas and state if the dew point will be reached in both of the cases given in part (j).

(l) Give two advantages of preheating the water in this way and one disadvantage.

(m) Give two reasons why the presence of any sulphur in the fuel mix would be undesirable.

Data:

Net calorific value (MJ m^-3) at 25ºC of:

Butane (C₄H₁₀) = 111.7 MJ m^-3

Butene (C₄H₈) = 105.2 MJ m^-3

Propane (C₃H₈) = 85.8 MJ m^-3

Air is 21% oxygen, 79% nitrogen by volume and 23.3% oxygen and 76.7% nitrogen by mass.

Atomic mass of C = 12, O = 16, N=14 and H = 1.