Q1. Provide one direct piece of evidence supporting the hypothesis that there is a genetic component to affective disorders.
Q2. What is ECT? Why is the speech--dominant hemisphere avoided?
Q3. Describe three types of drugs used to treat unipolar depression. Describe their pharmacological effects at the level of the terminal button.
Q4. Schizophrenia is linked to one neurotransmitter and major depressive disorder is linked to a class of neurotransmitter. Which neurotransmitters are associated with these two diseases? Is the illness hypothesized to be due to a deficiency or a surplus of the neurotransmitter?
Q5. What is the brain structure that is important for positive reinforcement during learning because it is active when the animal/person feels good? It is also a target for combating major depressive disorder. What type of procedure utilizes it for treatment?
Q6. Clomipramine has been used to treat trichotillomania, onychophagia and acral lick dermatitis. What other major anxiety disorder has been treated with this drug? The success of this drug across such a broad range of different compulsive behaviors supports the position that what neurotransmitter is generally associated with obsessive behaviors?
Q7. Define "partial agonist". Explain how it acts as an agonist in some settings and as an antagonist in other settings.
Q8. An autistic individual doesn't suffer from inward psychological problems, but outward psychological problems. What are the symptoms of autism? How does the fusiform face area of an adult with autism respond to a face?
Q9. What is the primary treatment for ADHD and how does it work? Describe the gender difference diagnosis in childhood and adulthood.
Q10. What is the effect of dopamine on functioning of the prefrontal cortex? Plot this relationship and be sure to label the axes of the plot. Hint: It is hypothesized that dopamine levels have a similar relationship to ADHD.
Q11. The adrenal gland can be broken into two parts. What are these two parts? One part is influenced by a gland and the other is influenced by a branch of the nervous system. Name the gland and nervous system branch and clearly indicate which part of the adrenal gland receives input from the gland. What substance(s) do these two parts of the adrenal gland secrete?
Q12. Name three effects of glucocorticoids and how they are good responses to stress in the short--term, but detrimental to health over the long--term.
Q13. If your schedule for final exams has all of your finals on Monday, December 11th, when are you most likely to start showing cold symptoms? What hormones directly suppress the immune system?
Q14. What are two physical elements of physical dependence? Define both of them.
Q15. What neurotransmitter must be released in order for a drug to be addictive? Where is the neurotransmitter released? Are all drugs that trigger this release addictive?
Q16. Describe addiction in terms of operant conditioning.
Q17. What are the two features of cocaine that make it intensely addictive?
Q18. What legal drug produces both positive and negative reinforcement? What are the two reinforcements? Which is dopamine associated with?
Q19. Methadone is commonly used to treat heroin, but it could also be an addictive drug. How is the addictive power of methadone kept from arising when used for treatment? Why doesn't methadone produce a high under these circumstances?
Q20. What is the treatment for nicotine addiction that is analogous to the methadone treatment for heroin addiction? What is the most effective treatment for nicotine addiction?
Q21. Describe the roles of both genetics and environment on both the likelihood to try a drug and the likelihood to become addicted to the drug.
Q22. Someone who has been smoking a lot of marijuana may have a difficult time keeping a train of thought. What brain structure is likely to be behind this problem? What kind of receptors does it have in large concentrations?