1. Which of the following individuals demonstrates a health problem with his or her axial skeleton?
A) A 21-year-old male who fractured his humerus while snowboarding.
B) A 40-year-old man who has a contusion to the left temporal bone of his skull following a motor vehicle accident.
C) A 79-year-old female who has undergone hemiarthroplasty (hip replacement surgery).
D) A 30-year-old pregnant woman who has a separated pubic symphysis.
2. Which of the following characteristics most accurately applies to compact (cortical) bone?
A) It is found along lines of stress in the body.
B) The bone is arranged in an interwoven, lattice-like pattern.
C) It is relatively light but still strong.
D) The surface of the bone is lined with osteogenic cells.
3. While reviewing the bones in anatomy class, the instructor discusses this type of bone that protects the underlying structures. A good example of a flat bone is:
A) metatarsal bones.
B) vertebrae.
C) femur.
D) skull.
4. While explaining to the parents of a 5-year-old why the child's fractured femur has so much swelling and bruising, the nurse will include which of the following statements?
A) "Your child fell out of the tree with so much force that the body is trying to send extra fluid to the area of the break."
B) "All bone fractures have lots of bruising so it's nothing to worry about."
C) "This bone is hollowed out, and the inside of the shaft produces marrow where red blood cells are formed."
D) "There are a lot of cartilage attaching to the shaft of the femur, so when you break that bone, it ruptures the cartilage and causes more swelling."
5. During pathophysiology class, a nursing student asks the faculty what purpose do the osteoprogenitor cells serve. From the following list, identify the purpose of these cells. Select all that apply.
A) Formation of red blood cells
B) Growth and remodeling of bone
C) Anchorage point for blood vessels
D) Repair of bone
E) Supply nerves to the bone matrix
6. A 30-year-old woman has just given birth to a boy. How will the mother's bone marrow differ from that of her son?
A) Her bone marrow performs additional functions for the maintenance of homeostasis that her son is not able to yet perform.
B) The son will have a greater proportion of adipose tissue in his bone marrow.
C) Proportionately, the infant will have more red marrow and less yellow marrow than his mother.
D) The amount of yellow marrow in the son's bones will decrease as he develops.
7. While studying bones in pathophysiology class, the nursing students learn that the Haversian canals are composed of
A) calcium salts.
B) collagen.
C) lymphatics.
D) glycosaminoglycans.
8. Bone is connective tissue, in which the intercellular matrix has been impregnated with inorganic calcium salts, that has great tensile and compressible strength but is light enough to be moved by coordinate muscle contractions. One third of the dry weight of bone is composed of which of the following?
A) Bone cells, inorganic salts, and blood vessels
B) Hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, and calcium fluoride
C) Bone cells, blood vessels, and nerves
D) Organic matter and inorganic salts
9. Which of the following patients would the nurse expect to find woven bone scaffolding in place to facilitate healing? Select all that apply.
A) A 14-year-old patient recovering from a head injury following a diving accident
B) A 22-year-old patient recovering from an auto accident where he incurred a fracture of his femur
C) An 85-year-old nursing home patient who is undergoing rehabilitation therapy for the arthritis in his knee
D) A 55-year-old prostate cancer patient undergoing radiation therapy for bone metastasis
10. Following a fall 4 weeks prior that was caused by orthostatic hypotension, an 83-year-old male has fractured his femoral head. His care provider has stated that the healing process is occurring at a reasonable pace and that the man will regain full function after healing and rehabilitation. Which of the following cells is most responsible for restoring the integrity of the man's broken bone?
A) Osteocyte
B) Osteoclast
C) Osteoblast
D) Osteoma
11. Which of the following endocrine functions are responsible for increased resorption of bone that results in a reduction of the number and function of osteoclasts? Select all that apply.
A) Calcitonin secretion
B) Decrease in estrogen levels
C) Stimulation of excess thyroid hormone
D) Release of catecholamines
E) Increase movement of calcium and phosphate from bone into the extracellular fluid
12. Which of the following individuals who has recently presented to a hospital emergency department is displaying an injury that involves his or her fibrocartilage?
A) A 7-year-old girl whose ear has been lacerated during a dog attack
B) A 24-year-old male who has had his trachea crushed in a workplace accident
C) A 15-year-old boy who has suffered a knee injury during a football game
D) A 78-year-old man who has fallen and is suspected of having a "slipped disc" in his back
13. While reviewing the role of the parathyroid hormone in the balance of calcium and phosphate levels, the nursing faculty will emphasize that the kidney responds to parathyroid stimulation by
A) increasing reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubules.
B) reducing the reabsorption of phosphate.
C) stimulating production of red blood cells.
D) decreasing the reabsorption of calcium.
14. An 80-year-old female with a diagnosis of osteoporosis receives daily supplements of calcitonin in the form of a nasal spray that she instills each morning. Which of the following phenomenon would her care providers expect to result from her supplementation?
A) Decreased serum calcium levels
B) Increased bone resorption
C) Acceleration of osteoclast action
D) An increase in bone formation
15. A 70-year-old woman's family physician has recommended a vitamin D supplement. The woman states that she tries hard to take as few pills as possible and questions her physician on the rationale and necessity of the hormone. How can the physician most accurately reply to the client's concerns?
A) "Vitamin D can prevent osteoporosis by increasing the density of your bones."
B) "Vitamin D is important in order for your body to absorb the calcium that you consume in your diet."
C) "When your liver is unable to produce enough on its own, it's important to take vitamin D supplements to promote bone strength."
D) "Vitamin D slows down the rate that your body breaks down your bones."
16. In which of the following locations would a clinician expect to find a ligament?
A) At the attachment points between ribs and the sternum
B) Between the radius bone of the arm and the biceps brachii muscle
C) Around the capsule that forms the knee joint
D) Between the individual plates of the skull
17. Which of the following is the best example of a diarthrodial joint?
A) The interface between the body of the femur and the epiphyseal plates at the ends of the bone
B) The interphalangeal joint between the proximal and middle phalanges of the fingers
C) The suture between the frontal and parietal bones of the skull
D) The syndesmoses between the two sides of the pelvis
18. A 71-year-old male with a suspected diagnosis of osteoarthritis is being scheduled for a knee aspiration. The client is surprised to learn that his knee joint contains fluid and asks the physician ordering the procedure what the main role of the fluid is. Which of the following statements best underlies the explanation that the physician will provide?
A) Synovial fluid allows for joint movement by minimizing friction.
B) Fluid in the synovial cavities is essential for its role in immunity, and deficits indicate autoimmune etiologies.
C) Synovial fluid allows for the diffusion of gases and nutrients to cartilage that lacks blood supply.
D) The fluid inhibits clot formation in bone surfaces that are in constant contact.
19. Laparoscopic knee surgery in a 22-year-old basketball player has necessitated entry into the synovial cavity. The surgeon performing the procedure would be aware of which of the following relevant characteristics of synovial tissue?
A) Synovial tissue has a slow rate of healing compared to muscle tissue.
B) Damage to synovial tissue is known to be excruciatingly painful.
C) The synovial membrane lacks direct blood supply, precluding bleeding into the joint.
D) Few pain receptors are located in the synovial membrane.
20. A female tennis player has suffered an injury to her shoulder that has affected her bursae in the joint. Which of the following consequences would be most expected from this aspect of her injury?
A) Increased friction on the tendons of the shoulder joint
B) Direct contact between the humerus and scapula bones
C) Loss of connection between the humerus bone and biceps muscle.
D) Fusing of the head of the humerus with the glenoid capsule of the scapula.