Question 1
The intense physiological efforts needed to resist or adapt to a stressor is characteristic of the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
alarm
exhaustion
adaptation
resistance
Question 2
Dr. Johnson's study on the effectiveness of a new medication for anxiety demonstrated positive results. Before assuming the medication is effective, it would be best to _____
replicate the study.
start with a new hypothesis.
wait until his study is published.
try the medicine ourselves.
Question 3
Proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes is an example of _____
description.
explanation.
influence.
prediction.
Question 4
When different researchers using the technique of introspection were exposed to the same stimulus, they often reported different experiences. For this reason, structuralism was criticized for _____
being just observational.
not being objective.
using experimentation.
not using measurement.
Question 5
Which school of thought in psychology would be most concerned with behavior changes that promote survival in the face of environmental pressures?
Gestalt
Psychoanalytic
Sociocultural
Evolutionary
Question 6
Eight-year-old Daria was having some disturbances in her sleep, so her parents took her to a Children's Hospital to undergo various tests. She recalls sleeping in the hospital room with a bunch of wires stuck to her scalp. What technique was used in Daria's sleep study?
EEG
MEG
PET
SPECT
Question 7
Which of the following uses X-rays to detect various abnormalities of the brain including injury sites, tumors, and evidence of recent strokes?
intracranial EEG
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized axial tomography
electroencephalogram
Question 8
Lucinda needs to find the location of her patient's tumor, but she does not want to expose the patient to X-rays. Which of the following imaging technologies would be best suited for this task?
a microelectrode
a CT scan
a MRI
an EEG
Question 9
Tony suffers from a disease in which myelin is progressively lost. Tony's axons will increasingly lack _____
neurotransmitters.
signals.
insulation.
fluid.
Question 10
A chemical found in the sacs within an axon terminal which, when released, has an effect on a nearby neuron is called a _____
glial cell.
neurotransmitter.
precursor cell.
synapse.
Question 11
Our sense organs have highly specialized cells that detect and respond to sensory stimuli. These specialized cells are _____ receptors.
sensory
perceptual
response
somatic
Question 12
Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil?
iris
lens
retina
sclera
Question 13
The first stage of vision processing takes place in the _____
retina.
brain.
occipital lobe.
lens.
Question 14
_____ is the intensity of light energy perceived as a color, which is based on the amplitude of the light wave.
Hue
Trichromaticity
Saturation
Brightness
Question 15
The more force air molecules move with, the _____ the sound you will hear is.
higher
lower
louder
softer
Question 16
What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?
thinking
cognition
conscience
consciousness
Question 17
Because of modern brain-imaging techniques, today's psychologists think of consciousness largely in terms of _____
altered states.
neurobiology.
subjective experience.
behaviorism.
Question 18
Which theory of sleep suggests that we sleep to rest our bodies and minds and rejuvenate ourselves for the next day?
the place theory
the circadian theory
the evolutionary theory
the restorative theory
Question 19
Each stage of the sleep cycle lasts about how long?
an hour
30 minutes
15 minutes
90 minutes
Question 20
Mekala is in REM sleep. Which of the following describes that type of sleep?
Her eyes are moving under her eyelids and her brain is highly active.
Her arms, legs, and trunk are jerking and moving.
She is totally still, nothing is moving.
She is talking in her sleep.
Question 21
Researchers deprived one group of sleep for 35 hours and then gave them a verbal learning task. They compared brain activity between the sleep and no-sleep groups during the learning task. Which of the following was true of the no-sleep group compared to those that slept normally?
The no-sleep group had lower overall activity in their brain.
The no-sleep group had higher overall activity in their brain.
In the no-sleep group, the language perception areas of the temporal lobes were more active.
In the no-sleep group, the language perception areas of the temporal lobes were inactive.
Question 22
The type of learning that Pavlov observed and researched resulted from associating an unconditioned response with a _____
neutral stimulus.
neutral response.
conditioned response.
punishment.
Question 23
Benson, a black lab, had learned to associate two stimuli with getting taken for a walk, his owner getting out his leash, and his owner getting out a belt. Every time his owner picked up his belt, Benson would jump around and get excited. His owner wanted Benson to stop that so he repeatedly took out his belt without taking Benson for a walk, and always took him for a walk when getting out his leash. He was teaching Benson to _____
generalize.
extinguish.
discriminate.
learn preferentially.
Question 24
What was learned in the case of Little Albert?
Fear can be learned via operant conditioning, but cannot be extinguished.
Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, but cannot be generalized.
It is important to ignore the consideration of a child's mental health as long as the research is important enough.
Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, and that fear can be generalized.
Question 25
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.
generalization
habituation
memory loss
prediction
Question 26
Pavlov and Watson believed the critical element in classical conditioning was the _____ of stimuli; Rescorla believed it was how well the conditioned stimulus made it possible to _____
expectancy; remember the consequences.
pairing; make good predictions.
strength; repeat the pairing.
aversiveness; escape.
Question 27
Which of the following explains what information-processing theorists mean when they use the term software?
the brain structures involved in memory
the serial position effect
the skull that covers and protects the brain
learned memory strategies the positive bias of memory
Question 28
According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, virtually everything we see, hear, or otherwise sense is held in _____
long-term memory.
sensory memory.
metamemory.
short-term memory.
Question 29
The ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from view, and to use this retained image to answer questions about the visual stimulus, is known as _____
the positive bias of sensory memory.
autobiographical visual memory.
eidetic imagery.
the source memory.
Question 30
As Jezebel walked into the supermarket, she realized she forgot her grocery list. She tried to recall the items on the list, but once she got up to about ten items, she realized she had already forgotten the first few items. What did Jezebel experience?
displacement
reconstruction
retrograde amnesia
rehearsal
Question 31
Jada has an upcoming anthropology exam. She has spaced out her studying over the course of six days and feels she knows the material well. Two days ago, she was confident with her knowledge, but decided to study beyond the point of being able to discuss it without error. She spent the last two days studying the material even further. She now feels ready to take her exam. Which technique best explains Jada's last two days of studying?
massed practice
repeated testing
elaborative rehearsal
overlearning
Question 32
Long-term memory is broken down into _____ and _____
declarative memory; nondeclarative memory.
iconic memory; echoic memory.
working memory; short-term memory.
implicit memory; sensory memory.
Question 33
Like most characteristics of a population, WAIS-IV scores are distributed in a bell or normal curve. Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of those types of curves?
Scores are evenly distributed across the population.
Scores are clumped around the midpoint.
The curve resembles an "S."
Scores are more common at the ends of the distribution.
Question 34
The few gender differences in cognitive functioning are _____
quite small.
quite large.
all in spatial ability.
all in verbal ability.
Question 35
Emotional intelligence has two components: _____ and _____
empathy; intuition.
management; recognition.
personal; interpersonal.
expressive; receptive.
Question 36
Through brain imaging, we have observed that women process emotion _____
primarily in the right hemisphere.
about equally in both hemispheres.
primarily in the left hemisphere.
more in the temporal lobes than anywhere else.
Question 37
Trevor is trying to solve an open-ended physics problem. First, he first gathers all of the necessary information before he tackles the problem. Once that part is complete, he tries to come up with different ways to solve the problem. After about 45 minutes of working on the problem and coming up empty-handed, he decides to go for a nice long walk with his dog. About 20 minutes later, just as he approaches his apartment, he gets an idea of how he might solve the problem. He runs inside and applies his idea to the problem. Finally, the physics problem is solved. In which part of the scenario did Trevor experience incubation?
when he got an idea to solve the problem as he was approaching his apartment
when he went to walk his dog
when he applied his idea to the problem
when he gathered all of the necessary information
Question 38
When studying developmental psychology, _____ exemplifies the psychosocial domain.
memory
relating to others
puberty
thinking
Question 39
According to Piaget, _____ involves a plan of action, based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances.
a scheme
assimilation
conventional thinking
the law of conservation
Question 40
Wayne is asked to look at two rows of M&Ms. The first row has five M&Ms all lined up and nearly touching. The second row has five M&Ms all lined up but spread out, thereby taking up much more room than the first row. When Wayne is asked which row has more M&Ms, he exclaims, "They both have the same amount!" According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is Wayne?
either the sensorimotor stage OR the formal operations stage
the preoperational stage
either the concrete operations stage OR the preoperational stage
the sensorimotor stage
Question 41
Which of the following allows for the attainment of Piaget's concept of conservation?
sensorimotor thought
reversibility
naïve idealism
the personal fable
Question 42
Which example best describes the zone of proximal development?
trying to teach a 1-year-old how to add
dressing a 4-year-old child who keeps saying, "I'll do it!"
attempting to teach a 5-year-old trigonometry
showing a toddler a book that has many colors, some of which the toddler already knows
Question 43
Justin is cared for by his grandmother while his mother is away at work. Justin is an active and imaginative kid who sometimes pretends he is Superman and tries to get his grandmother to play along. Other times he makes up games with rules and asks his grandmother to join in. She is often put off by these behaviors and tells him to go sit down quietly and read a book. According to the psychosocial stages of development, Justin will likely develop a _____
sense that people cannot be trusted.
sense of guilt about initiating the new activities.
sense of "feeling stuck" and not feel like he has accomplished anything important.
sense of pride regarding his accomplishments.
Question 44
The physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment defines _____
an uplift.
motivation.
stress.
coping.
Question 45
Everyday _____, studied extensively by Richard Lazarus, are irritating demands that occur daily and may cause more stress than major life changes do.
hassles
coping mechanisms
decisions
physiological stress reactions
Question 46
When a decision a person is trying to make contains both desirable and undesirable features, the _____ conflict occurs.
approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance
approach-attend
approach-avoidance
Question 47
Which of the following of Albrecht's workplace variables suggests that the actual layout of the work environment, temperature, and noise level are important factors in work-related stress?
accountability
physical variables
mental challenge
human contact
Question 48
Which of the following can result from accountability underload?
Employee morale increases.
More intrinsically-motivated individuals will apply for open positions.
Workplace accidents decrease.
Employees find their jobs meaningless.
Question 49
Winona quit her job last year to care for her husband, Phil, who she loves very much. He has Alzheimer's disease. She does not sleep well at all and hasn't for quite some time. Which of the following is likely true regarding Winona?
Winona's inner strength will make her exempt from the negative effects of stress.
Winona has a higher risk of developing a viral or bacterial infection.
Winona will experience an immediate boost in immune system functioning once Phil passes away and she can begin sleeping again.
Winona will likely have a high antibody count due to her stress level.