Which of the following is not considered a necessary and

Question

QUESTION 1: The purpose of examining a client's family constellation is:

to bring unconscious factors to the surface.

to determine who else in the family needs help.

to get a picture of the individual's early social world.

both b and c.

QUESTION 2: A multifaceted process occurring across the life span is called:

gender role identification.

gender bias.

genderfication.

gender role socialization.

QUESTION 3: The benefits of existential counseling are that it allows people to circumvent anxiety and escape thoughts of death and dying.

True

False

QUESTION 4: Which of the following family therapists is best known for his or her strategic ap­proach to treatment?

Satir

Bowen

Haley

Minuchin

QUESTION 5: The expressive arts were first offered as a course of study at:

Vienna College.

Leslie College.

Berlin School.

Cambridge University.

QUESTION 6: During the initial session, which of the following would most likely be discussed according to Jung?

dreams

active imagination

personal relationships

all of the above

QUESTION 7: Which of the following strategies is most consistent with empowerment in coun­seling and psychotherapy?

Helping the client view the counselor or therapist as expert.

Providing the client with a thorough explanation of the therapy process.

Pointing out to clients how their past behaviors have been ineffective.

Letting clients know specifically what goals they should be working toward.

QUESTION 8: Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework?

accurate empathy

authenticity/genuineness

artistic expression

unconditional positive regard

QUESTION 9: The term social interest refers to:

an individual's attitude in dealing with the social world.

a sense of identification and empathy with others.

striving for a better future for all humans.

all of the above.

QUESTION 10: Consider a client who feels he or she is unlikable by others in his or her life. When the counseling or therapy discussion turns to how likable the client is to the counselor or therapist, this is an example of:

distracting the client.

empathic understanding.

immediacy.

self-actualization.

QUESTION 11: The concept of core conditions, as applied to the helping relationship, includes all but one of the following:

confrontation

empathic understanding

respect/positive regard

warmth

QUESTION 12: As a person becomes more congruent, which of the following changes is most likely to be seen?

elimination of negative thoughts

eradication of problem behaviors

greater self-empowerment

success in a failing relationship

QUESTION 13: Gestaltists use dream work to help clients understand their past.

True

False

QUESTION 14: Which of the following existentialists is most associated with transpersonal psychology?

Kierkegaard

Frankl

Yalom

Sarte

QUESTION 15: According to person-centered theory, for someone to be continuously believed and trusted by a client they must:

have years of professional experience.

be genuine.

know the right questions to ask.

not make mistakes.

QUESTION 16: Phenomenological perspective describes the concept that all persons view the world in a similar manner.

True

False

QUESTION 17: To adequately understand the culturally different client, counselors should have some specific information about that culture.

True

False

QUESTION 18: When using extinction to change behavior:

you should expect positive behavior to increase.

you should expect positive behavior to decrease.

you should expect a burst of negative behavior, followed by positive behavior.

you should expect a burst of positive behavior that fades away.

QUESTION 19: Art therapy, dance/movement therapy, music therapy, and drama therapy are all considered:

narrative approaches.

expressive arts approaches.

eclectic approaches.

symbolic approaches.

QUESTION 20: The first person to introduce the subjects of consciousness, spiritualism, and psychical research into the mental health fields was:

Carl Jung

Abraham Maslow.

William James.

Sigmund Freud.

QUESTION 21: Which statement is most description of Buber's "I-Thou" relationship?

People speak about others but seldom to them.

This relationship embodies a holy respect for the other person.

This relationship has little meaning, because there is little sense of self.

It shows a relationship that is condescending and not respectful.

QUESTION 22: Immediacy is the ability of the counselor or therapist to deal with the relationship between past and present behaviors of the client.

True

False

QUESTION 23: Perls:

had a passionate belief in the holistic nature of humankind.

believed that human beings had the capacity and strength to grow, develop, and to become the persons that they desired.

asked clients to focus on why they behaved in certain ways.

both "a" and "b" above.

QUESTION 24: Awareness is the key to Gestalt therapy. Through awareness, the organism/person naturally proceeds toward:

growth.

integration.

differentiated unity.

all of the above.

QUESTION 25: Active listening strategies include all but one of the following:

paraphrase

restatement

giving advice

clarifying

QUESTION 26: Which of the following is not one of the four parts to dream narratives according to Jung?

telling who, where, when, and what of the dream

exposure and exploration of the complexes

identifying the turning point in the dream

determining what caused the dream

QUESTION 27: The developer of dialectical behavior therapy is:

Marsha Linehan.

Albert Ellis.

Carl Rogers.

Fritz Perls.

QUESTION 28: One of the views that Gestalt theory holds regarding the individual is that he or she is:

fully responsible for his or her behavior.

shaped by forces in the environment.

motivated by unconscious drives.

not able to become aware of himself or herself in the here and now.

QUESTION 29: Jung parted ways with Sigmund Freud over Freud's emphasis on biological drives and sexual urges as prime human motivating factors.

True

False

QUESTION 30: A criticism of person-centered counseling or therapy is:

its deterministic stance.

rigid steps in the counseling or therapy process.

too few specifics regarding actions for the new counselor or therapist.

overly confrontational.

QUESTION 31: Murray Bowen is acknowledged by many as the pioneer in applying cybernetic system's thinking to human interaction.

True

False

QUESTION 32: The term transpersonal means beyond the personal, ego, or self.

True

False

QUESTION 33: A method in which the counselor or therapist leads the client through a number of questions to become aware of thoughts and distortions in thinking and to find and implement more adaptive replacements is called Socratic questioning.

True

False

QUESTION 34: Cognitive therapy requires a large number of sessions to carry out treatment effectively.

True

False

QUESTION 35: Alfred Adler was the first to notice that the development of children within families was heavily influenced by:

balance of control between parents.

birth order

rivalry among the children.

the cultural context of the family.

QUESTION 36: An example of a theory that currently uses symbolic approaches as a basis for counseling is:

Jungian analysis.

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

reality therapy.

rational emotive behavior therapy.

QUESTION 37: Regarding multicultural counseling, narrative therapy has been found to be particularly effective because:

defines mental health within a social, political, and relational context.

it was founded in a sociocultural context.

it allows clients to tell their unique stories from their perspective.

all of these are true.

QUESTION 38: One of the most attractive features of Gestalt theory is its attention to the holistic nature of humankind.

True

False

QUESTION 39: According to Jung, which of the following represents the integration of the conscious, personal un­conscious, and collective unconscious in the individual?

ego

self

psyche

persona

QUESTION 40: Two major disorders given a great deal of attention in feminist literature are:

personality disorders and bipolar disorders.

borderline personality disorders and hypertension.

eating disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder.

insomnia and posttraumatic stress disorder.

QUESTION 41: Psychoanalytic theory suggests that behavior is largely determined by irrational forces, conscious motivations, and biological or instinctual drive.

True

False

QUESTION 42: Dialectical behavior theory was initially developed to treat:

narcissistic personality disorder.

histrionic personality disorder.

borderline personality disorder.

antisocial personality disorder.

QUESTION 43: To understand the impact of diversity on counseling and psychotherapy, it is essential to understand which of the following?

the systems in which clients develop and live

the impact of culture upon the client

the individual client's view of the world

all of the above

QUESTION 44: Dialectical behavior theory uses a behavioral technique known as _______ in which the client learns to tolerate painful emotions without enacting self-destructive behaviors:

positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

exposure

punishment

QUESTION 45: The dialectical behavior theory model proposes that a successful counseling intervention must meet five critical functions. Which of the following is not one of these functions?

improve and preserve the clients' incentive to change

boost the clients' capabilities

ensure the clients' capabilities are specific to their environment

structure the environment so that the treatment can take place

QUESTION 46: The central issue in existential therapy is:

resistance.

freedom and responsibility.

examining irrational beliefs.

counter-transference.

QUESTION 47: Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe times in their lives they were able to solve their problem or when their problem was less severe?

the miracle question

the "change" or exception question

scaling questions

pre-change therapy

QUESTION 48: The concept of triangulation is most associated with:

Virginia Satir.

Slavador Minuchin.

Rudolf Dreikurs.

Murray Bowen.

QUESTION 49: Feminists believe it is essential to recognize that women and men are socialized differently and that gender role expectations begin to influence human development from the moment a child is born.

True

False

QUESTION 50: The organized, realistic part of the psyche that mediates and seeks a balance between the other two is known as the superego.

True

False

QUESTION 51: Confrontation is never used in Adlerian counseling.

True

False

QUESTION 52: The systems perspective implies:

the external environment is the most powerful influence on an individual's development.

individuals are autonomous and independent of their families.

individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their families.

systemic intervention is required to deconstruct unhealthy family patterns.

QUESTION 53: Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on the notion that what you feel is based on what you think.

True

False

QUESTION 54: The core practice of transpersonal counseling includes which of the following:

yoga

mindfulness

biofeedback

all of the above

QUESTION 55: Existential counseling or psychotherapy provides an excellent context for addressing culture and diversity.

True

False

QUESTION 56: Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?

Therapists should act largely as teachers.

The techniques used by the therapist are less important than his or her attitudes.

Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.

Therapists should give advice when clients need it.

QUESTION 57: A client is partaking in cognitive distortion when he or she exaggerates a negative event to the point that the event has more impact than it deserves. What is this called?

disqualifying the positive

catastrophizing

all-or-nothing thinking

none of the above

QUESTION 58: Although the theoretical underpinnings of transpersonal theory can be credited to a number of individuals, theories, and philosophical approaches to mental health and spiritual experience, _______ has emerged as the primary leader of this burgeoning field.

Groff

Wilber

Jung

Maslow

QUESTION 59: Dialectical behavior theory is driven by three theories. Which of the following is not one of those?

behavior therapy

biosocial theory of borderline personality disorder

dialectics

Gestalt theory

QUESTION 60: In the A-B-C model proposed by Ellis, the factor that creates the emotional and behavioral consequences is:

activating event.

consequences.

beliefs.

none of the above.

QUESTION 61: Self in-relation theory was the work of:

Sharf and Bem.

Jordan and Surrey.

Jean Baker Miller.

Betty Freidan.

QUESTION 62: In the case of Maria, a counselor or therapist using CBT might focus on using:

pharmacotherapy.

dream analysis.

stress inoculation training.

Beck's cognitive therapy.

QUESTION 63: The three people credited for the development of Gestalt therapy are:

Perls, Burber, and Nitche.

Perls, Perls, and Goodman.

Rogers, Glassman, and Goodman.

Perls, Kohler, and Koffka

QUESTION 64: All of the following are goals of feminist therapy except for:

confronting forms of institutional oppression.

freeing clients of gender role socialization.

striving for gender equality.

resolving intrapsychic conflicts from early childhood

QUESTION 65: The person-centered view of human nature:

states that people are driven by irrational forces.

assumes that people tend to remain stagnant.

views all people as basically competitive.

affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life.

QUESTION 66: The process of encouragement in Adlerian counseling includes:

helping clients use all their resources and strengths.

stripping away the biological drives.

helping clients recognize that society has created situations that block clients.

all of the above.

QUESTION 67: Cognitive therapy has been criticized for its focus on:

internal events (thinking).

direct observation.

listening procedures.

intellectual understanding.

QUESTION 68: Action therapy is considered a form of:

dance therapy.

narrative therapy.

art therapy.

both a and c.

QUESTION 69: Feminist theory is:

antimale.

profemale.

unified.

not a singular, unified counseling theory.

QUESTION 70: In classic psychoanalysis, the counselor maintains a "blank screen" approach in order to:

analyze transference.

analyze countertransference.

analyze dreams.

two of the above.

QUESTION 71: Castration anxiety and the Oedipus complex appear in this stage of psychosocial development

genital

phallic

anal

latent

QUESTION 72: Which of the following did Adler not stress?

the unity of personality

focus on early childhood sexual experiences as determinants of personality functioning

behavior is purposeful and goal oriented

feelings of inferiority

QUESTION 73: Heidegger's notions of choice, that each choice one makes represents the loss of an alternative, include all of the following except:

the past becomes important in terms of lost opportunities.

future choices are limited due to past choices and the time remaining to fulfill them.

people have the freedom to choose but must balance this with responsibility.

some choices are irrational and people need to train themselves not to make them with rewards and punishments.

QUESTION 74: Which of the following is descriptive of what closure means in existential counseling?

Facing the end of the helping relationship is the final confrontation with reality.

It means stopping therapy at the end of the semester at a counseling center.

It is when counselors close out all of their files.

It is a relatively unimportant part of counseling.

QUESTION 75: Which of the following best describes those strategies used to add depth and enhance the relationship?

self-disclosure by the counselor or therapist

confrontation by the counselor or therapist

attending to nonverbal behaviors of the client

all of the above

QUESTION 76: A strategy of feminist counselors for empowering clients is to involve them in naming their problem and participating in directing the counseling process. This strategy is called:

self-disclosure.

gender role analysis.

demystifying the counseling process.

client empowerment.

QUESTION 77: According to Jung, one way that the archetype is expressed is through:

the shadow.

sacred images.

the superego.

the ego.

QUESTION 78: The defense mechanism of redirecting thoughts, feelings, and impulses from an object that gives rise to anxiety to a safer, more acceptable one is known as:

displacement.

sublimation.

repression.

regression.

QUESTION 79: Understanding the nature of the presenting problem in the goals of cognitive-behavioral theory is best looked at through which perspective?

affective

behavioral

cognitive

all of the above

QUESTION 80: Change during Gestalt counseling and psychotherapy comes about as clients become more aware of themselves through:

using a continuum of awareness focused on how, what, and where.

using questions rather than statements.

using the third-person pronoun "they."

addressing others indirectly.

QUESTION 81: Which of the following are true regarding advocacy as a part of counseling and psychotherapy?

Counselors or therapists should assume that clients cannot advocate for themselves.

Advocacy is different from counseling and psychotherapy in that clients do not need informed consent.

Advocacy can take place at many different levels from individual to systemic.

Advocating for clients and client groups damages the therapeutic alliance.

QUESTION 82: According to rational emotive behavior therapy, certain values promote emotional adjustment and mental health. Which of the following is not one of these values?

non-utopian

low frustration tolerance

flexibility

high frustration tolerance

QUESTION 83: The family life spiral is:

an example of family decline.

a linear model.

an example of a life stressor.

a developmental model.

QUESTION 84: The counseling profession has fully adapted to the diversity of society.

True

False

QUESTION 85: The founder of person-centered therapy is:

Frederick "Fritz" Perls.

Natalie Rogers.

Rollo May.

Carl Rogers.

QUESTION 86: The central concept of the expressive arts approach in counseling is:

action.

self-actualization.

reaction.

none of the above.

QUESTION 87: Which of the following family therapists is best known for his or her structural approach to treatment?

Satir

Bowen

Haley

Minuchin

QUESTION 88: A counselor directing family members to engage in a communication game to examine how their incongruent messages lead to pain and lower self-esteem is following which approach to family therapy?

conjoint

transgenerational

narrative

structural

QUESTION 89: Teasing out stressors poses a challenge for the family therapist because of the family's:

mistrust of therapy.

many stories.

multigenerational issues.

severity of pain.

QUESTION 90: In choice theory, human motivation springs from which of these five sources?

belonging, survival, knowledge, fun, power

survival, belonging, power, freedom, fun

power, achievement, enjoyment, information, security

survival, achievement, love, success, pride

QUESTION 91: A tool for conceptualizing key relationships in a three-generational extended family is a:

genogram.

lifestyle assessment.

projective test.

family sketch.

QUESTION 92: Reality therapy is:

more rational than humanistic

more behavioral than cognitive.

more cognitive-behavioral than nondirective.

more humanistic than existential.

QUESTION 93: The dialectical behavior theory model uses individual therapy, group therapy, and phone coaching.

True

False

QUESTION 94: One of the primary goals of transpersonal counseling is to:

bring the client to an acceptable level of mental health.

bring the client to a point where he or she can begin to work on transpersonal issues.

take the client into the realm of transcendence, unity, and extraordinary mental health.

none of the above.

QUESTION 95: In reality therapy, the skilled counselor or therapist treats behavior as:

the result of social pressure and limited perceptions of possibilities.

information received from parents and from the surrounding culture.

caused by self-verbalizations that can be helpful or hurtful.

chosen as a result of unmet wants and needs.

QUESTION 96: Stage 1 (relationship development) of the helping process includes all but one of the following activities:

initial meeting

problem solution

data gathering

rapport building

QUESTION 97: If a counselor is trained specifically in an expressive art technique, he or she does not need to integrate his or her approach with a theory.

True

False

QUESTION 98: Which of the following best describes those strategies used to aid in data gathering?

questioning

probing

silence

a and b above

QUESTION 99: In rational emotive behavior therapy, according to DiGiuseppe, an example of an "inelegant" solution (i.e., a copying strategy for a particular event, not long term) is:

accepting automatic thoughts

accepting irrational thoughts

reframing

none of the above

QUESTION 100: In the A-B-C model proposed by Ellis, the factor that creates the emotional and behavioral consequences is:

activating event.

consequences.

beliefs.

none of the above.

QUESTION 101: Which of the following is not considered one of the six core principles of feminist therapy?

an intrapsychic orientation

commitment to social change

recognition of all types of oppression

the person is political

QUESTION 102: Which of the following is not one of the three approaches to existential counseling?

dynamic existentialism

humanistic existentialism

cognitive-behavioral existentialism

transpersonal existentialism

QUESTION 103: The most important factor in the therapeutic alliance is the:

quality and nature of the relationship between counselor or therapist and client.

counselor's or therapist's skills.

client's willingness to work hard.

depth of the problems being experienced.

QUESTION 104: This component of the psyche strives to protect the individual from experiencing anxiety and guilt:

ego

superego

id

conscious

QUESTION 105: According to Ellis, the shoulds, oughts, and musts fall under which of the following categories?

self-demandingness

other-demandingness

world-demandingness

all of the above

QUESTION 106: The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development's Multicultural Counseling Competencies emphasize:

self-awareness, spiritual awareness, and valuing peace.

knowledge of different cultures, their customs, and traditional foods.

self-awareness, awareness of clients' worldviews, and awareness of culturally appropriate interventions.

not working with culturally different clients.

QUESTION 107: Reality therapy can be applied to the following clients:

the elderly and retired

preschool children

addicted clients

all of the above

QUESTION 108: All of the following are techniques used in solution-focused therapy except for:

scaling questions

the miracle question

using a reflecting team

exception questions

QUESTION 109: Gestalt-therapy techniques are designed to help the client:

intensify feelings and experiences.

free him or herself from specific behavioral symptoms.

expand awareness of the here-and-now.

both a. and c.

QUESTION 110: Which of the following is not consistent with rational emotive behavior therapy?

Events or other people make us feel bad or good.

Thinking, feeling, and behaving are interconnected.

Emotional distress results from exaggeration, overgeneralization, and unvalidated assumptions.

Irrational beliefs emanate from environmental and genetic factors.

QUESTION 111: The founders of solution-focused brief therapy are

Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer.

Michael White and David Epston.

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis.

Frederick and Laura Perls.

QUESTION 112: In practicing reality therapy, counselors and therapists focus on:

the interpersonal relationships of the client.

insight into causes of behavior.

family history.

personal history.

QUESTION 113: An ethnic minority client is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as:

resistance.

demonstration of uncooperative behavior.

a response consistent with his or her cultural context.

a sign that counseling will not work with this client.

QUESTION 114: Individuals are seen by Adlerians as wanting to contribute and cooperate for the betterment of self and others.

True

False

QUESTION 115: The technique of free association:

is linear and planned to direct and guide the client.

uses intuition and linking, which leads to new personal insights and meanings.

does not require clarification and confrontation.

is used to unearth specific answers or memories to questions of childhood experiences.

QUESTION 116: Adlerians believe that discouragement:

is minimal in comparison with other dysfunctions.

can be overcome with medication.

is not part of an Adlerian viewpoint.

is the basic condition that prevents people from functioning.

QUESTION 117: According to reality therapy, human beings change their behavior only if they change their level of perception.

True

False

QUESTION 118: In working with a triangulated relationship, Bowen would be inclined to:

engage in self-disclosure to build trust.

side with one member involved in the triangle.

join the family.

remain detached, reinforcing calmness and rationality.

QUESTION 119: Which humanistic approach emphasizes the basic attitudes of the therapist as the core of the therapeutic process?

psychoanalytic therapy

Adlerian therapy

family therapy

person-centered therapy

QUESTION 120: People who respond to others by acting on the conditions of worth others place on them are most likely to lead productive, satisfying lives.

True

False

QUESTION 121: Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies?

existential therapy

cognitive therapy

reality therapy

rational emotive behavior therapy

QUESTION 122: Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on the assumption that humans have a biological tendency to think irrationally as well as rationally.

True

False

QUESTION 123: Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of:

classical conditioning.

modeling

operant conditioning.

none of the above

QUESTION 124: Which of the following is true regarding social identity development models?

They are often based on the assumptions that individuals have varying degrees of awareness and acceptance of their social identities.

They characterize an individual's level of identification with a social identity group through the individual's display of pathology.

They only address the identity development of racial and ethnic minorities.

They describe the social identity development process as culminating in mainstreaming into dominant society.

QUESTION 125: In reality therapy, the environment or the counseling or psychotherapeutic atmosphere includes attending behaviors, doing the unexpected, and use of metaphors.

True

False