1.Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle.
A) Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides.
B) The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist.
C) The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent
D) All of the above are true.
Which of the following is an interpretation of the Delaney Clause?
A) Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts
B) Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts.
C) The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings.
D) The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health.
Risk management refers to the question of
A) What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans?
B) What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions?
C) What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population
D) None of the above.
Exposure assessment refers to the question of:
A ) What are the health effects that this agent can cause
B ) What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans
C ) What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions
D ) What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population
E ) None of the above.
The EPA hierarchy for solid waste management consists of _________________.
recycling
source reduction
disposal
all of the above
The type of epidemiology study in which study individuals, free of the disease to be studied, but exposed to a particular hazard, are followed into the future to see if they develop the disease of concern is known as a _______________
retrospective cohort study
case-control study
prospective cohort study
None of the above
The definition of a "simple asphyxiant" gas is one that is:
chemically active in the body and binds to key enzymes causing toxicity
physiologically inert and not toxic itself, but can cause anoxia by replacing the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere
has the ability to complex with oxygen causing hypoxia in the body
reactive with cells in the lungs to prevent exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Underground mine workers sometimes encounter carbon monoxide and die due to:
Question 8 options:
damage of liver cells preventing the metabolism of nutrients and build-up of toxins within the body
replacement of oxygen in the mine air from a normal 21% concentration to less than 10%, resulting in hypoxia and death of cells of the central nervous system
binding of the CO to hemoglobin reducing the blood's ability to transport oxygen around the body, causing hypoxia
interaction of CO with nitrogen to produce carboxy nitrate, which is a potent neurotoxin of the central nervous system
One of the reasons for the methodology of hazard analysis of critical control points is that health hazards stemming from foods:
Health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption.
Chemical additives are the most dangerous food-associated health hazards at present.
Poor canning practices cause the greatest number of food-related intoxications.
None of the above
The official term used by the EPA to denote abandoned industrial and commercial waste sites, polluted by hazardous substances, is:
Brownfields
Pollutant Hazard Sites
Designated Waste Sites
Toxic Hazard Sites
From the global perspective, the three geophysical forms of the human environment consist of the:
lithosphere, ground water and surface water
atmosphere, stratosphere and hydrosphere
atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere
ocean, sea, and river
The number of cases of a disease in a population of 100,000 at a specific point in time represents the __________________ of the disease.
mortality rate
incidence
prevalence
relative rate
The toxic effects of environmental lead are primarily related to:
The use of organic lead in gasoline to increase engine power and reduce knocking from the gasoline
Widespread use of lead-based paints in the past.
Lead bullets used in wars and police actions
A and B
The main difference between the sick building syndrome (SBS) and building-related illness (BRI) is that:
SBS can be related to specific pollutants and BRI cannot.
SBS is temporary and BRI is a diagnosable illness.
BRI can be related to specific pollutants and SBS cannot
B and C
Greenhouse gases represent:
Gases emitted by various green plants that are grown in buildings that are constructed of glass so solar energy can penetrate and help regulate the inside temperature so it remains constant in cold or warm outside weather.
Various gases present in the indoor air that can cause a greenish discoloration of the wood.
The gases that are emitted from green molds that grow in some residences, especially in damp basements.
Gases emitted by natural events and human activities that are capable of migration into the upper atmosphere where they reflect infrared radiation back toward the earth, thus warming up the earth.
The half-life of a radioisotope can be defined as
The time for 1/2 of the atoms in a quantity of a radionuclide to disintegrate
The time required for an alpha or beta particle to reach 1/2 its distance in air
The time needed for 1/2 of a radioisotope to explode in a nuclear weapon
The time needed for ½ of an alpha radiation dose to penetrate a millimeter of tissue.
Even though the death rate of both More Developed Countries (MDCs) and Less Developed Countries (LDCs) (excluding China) has decreased by about 70% in the last 250 years, the overall increase in population growth is substantially greater in the LDCs. This is primarily due to:
Higher birth rates in More Developed Countries
Higher birth rates in Less Developed Countries.
Better nutrition in the More Developed Countries.
Increased warfare in the Less Developed Countries.
The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by:
Route of entry into the body
Received dose of the chemical
Duration of exposure
All of the above
A highly fatal disease of the central nervous system, that is normally transmitted through an animal bite, is known as ___________________.
tularemia
Q Fever
Anthrax
rabies