Problem
Ralph Nader attacked the Republican and Democratic parties in 2000 and 2004 by arguing that there are no substantive differences between them. To what extent is this true, especially when compared with the party systems of other democracies? How much difference would it make if the United States had a major socialist party that could compete for control of Congress and the presidency?
Independent candidates face a variety of barriers to winning the presidency. Does an independent candidate have any real chance for election? Would it be desirable for independent candidates to have a real chance of winning the presidency?
The reforms that have reduced the role of parties in both candidate selection and public policy formulation have also enhanced the influence of money, television, and interest groups over both elections and national policy. What reforms could be enacted to achieve greater accountability of elected officials to the voters for the content and direction of the nation's public policy?