1. What is the basic difference between historical and physical geology?
2. What was the ancient reptile that lived in South America and Africa during the late Paleozoic?
3. What is continental drift? Who was the scientist that proposed it? What is Pangea? What evidence was used for continental drift? Why was it not accepted?
4. What is catastrophism? Compared to the current age of the Earth that is accepted today, how did 17th and 18th century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age?
5. What is Uniformitarianism? Who was the person that presented this idea? What is this person known as? What is Uniformitarianism usually paraphrased as?
6. What is the age of the Earth?
7. What is scientific method? What is a hypothesis? What is a theory?
8. What is Plate Tectonics? What evidence did scientist use to confirm plate tectonics?
9. What is Nebular Hypothesis?
10. What are the compositional layers of the Earth? The physical layers of the earth? Know the orders
11. What are the cores made out of and what states of matter are they?
12. What is the difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?
13. What are the different plate boundaries? Be able to identify all of them (including all the different convergent types) and know what geologic structures they are associated with. Ex. Which plate boundary is associated with subduction zones? Which boundary is associated with the Himalayas?
14. What is the difference between the continental and oceanic crust? What are they made of? Which is older and why? Which is denser?
15. An earthquake of magnitude 7.5 releases about how much more energy than one magnitude 5.5?
16. What is an Earthquake? What are Faults? What is the focus/hypocenter? What is the epicenter? What is foreshock and aftershock?
17. What is elastic rebound?
18. What is a seismic wave? What is a seismograph? What are the different types of seismic waves? Be able to compare and contrast them all. What is the order of the waves on the seismogram? Which have the highest amplitude?
19. How many seismic stations do you need to determine the epicenter of an earthquake?
20. What is magnitude? What is intensity? What is the Mercalli scale? What is the max damage of the Mercalli Scale?
21. What are the different factors that determine the amount of damage an earthquake can cause?
22. What is a Tsunami?
23. What is a mineral? What is a rock?
24. What is an atom? The different parts of an atom?
25. What is chemical bonding? What is ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding?
26. What is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust by weight? How many elements make up the rock forming minerals?
27. What is the most common mineral group in the Earth's crust?
28. What are physical properties? What is luster? Cleavage?
29. Do all atoms of the same element have the same atomic number?
30. What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?
31. What is an igneous rock? What is intrusive and extrusive? How can you tell them apart?
32. How do you identify igneous rocks? What is the color index? What is ferromagnesian minerals and what are nonferromagnesian minerals?
33. What is texture? Know the different textures. Be able to identify the different textures. Ex. A(n) __________ texture represents a single long cooling and crystallization.
34. What is obsidian? What is Pumics? Compare and contrast.
35. Know the main igneous rocks: Rhyolite, Andesite, Diorite, Gabbro, Granite, Komatite, Peridotite, and Basalt. Be able to identify the texture and composition of the rocks.
36. What are the three ways to change the composition of a magma?
37. Make sure you understand the Bowen's reaction series. If I ask questions about this, the Bowen's reaction series chart will be posted in the question. So, please make sure you understand the chart.
Short Answer/Fill in Blanks
38. Be able to identify the composition layers of the Earth on a diagram.
39. Be able to identify what a convergent boundary, divergent boundary, and transform boundary looks like.
40. Be able to explain the different types of convergent boundaries. Ex. Why do mountains form at the continent-continent convergent boundary? Why do trenches form at the ocean-continent boundary?
41. Be able to identify what decompression melting looks like. When does decompression melting takes place?
42. Be able to explain - why is magma generally produced in association with subduction zones as opposed to areas away from subduction zones.
43. Be able to identify the atom and parts of an atom - protons, neutrons, and electrons.
44. Igneous rocks: Know which rocks are aphanitic and phaneritic. Also know what which rocks have the same compositions, but different textures - Granite, Andesite, Basalt, Peridotite, Komatite, Diorite, Rhyolite, and Gabbro. (Please make sure you can spell these correctly)
45. Would earthquakes of similar magnitudes in different regions of the Earth cause approximately the same levels of damage necessarily? When you answer this, do not forget to include the geologic and human-induced factors.
46. How do you find the epicenter? Be able to explain the steps to do this.