Response to the following multiple choice questions and True / False:
1. What was the name of the meeting held in Europe to essentially divide the continent of Africa into regions to be controlled by European powers?
a. The Berlin Conference
b. The Madrid Conference
c. The Treaty of Versailles
d. The African Seminar
2. Two of the reasons that European nations felt entitled to control African resources and African people during the New Imperialism era had to do with the need for natural resources (for the industrial factories back home) and Social Darwinism. True / False
3. The two "winners" of the Scramble for Africa - in terms of land gained and people/resources controlled were:
a.Belgium and France
b. Great Britain and Spain
c. Germany and Italy
d. France and Great Britain
4. The Herero and Darvish resistance movements against European Colonialism in Africa constituted Africans fighting against which two European powers, respectively?
a. Germany and Great Britain
b. France and Portugal
c. Belgium and Italy
d. Germany and Spain
5. The unrest among Africans in German-dominated East Africa stemmed in part because the German colonial government forced farmers to grow cotton instead of food crops, thus causing hunger. This unrest eventually led to what is called the MajiMaji Rebellion. True / False
6. Which European nations were active in the Scramble for Africa?
a. Italy and France
b. Germany and Finland
c. Britain and the United States
d. Belgium and Bulgaria
e. Russia and China
7. How did Europeans, during the Scramble for Africa, manage to essentially "take over" an entire continent?
a. by building strong commercial ties with Christianized African leaders all over Africa
b. by controlling all major ports and harbors
c. by deception (duplicity) and force
d. by outnumbering the Africans on the fields of battle
8. As discussed in class, the religion which has had the most impact, historically, on Hinduism is:
a. Buddhism
b. Christianity
c. Islam
d. Judaism
e. Sikhism
9. Politically, India in, say 1300, can be characterized by:
a. a Muslim majority controlling and Hindu minority
b. a Sikh minority controlling a Hindu majority
c. a Hindu minority controlling a Muslim minority
d. a Muslim minority controlling a Hindu majority
10. Sikhism evolved in the 16th century based on the teachings of:
a. Guru Guatama
b. Yogi Nanak
c. Yogi Siddharta
d. Guru Nanak
e. Mohammed
11. As discussed in class, people of which three religious groups are present in large numbers when the British began colonization of India in the 18th century?
a. Sikhs, Buddhists and Muslims
b. Christians, Muslims and Hindus
c. Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs
d. Christians, Buddhists and Hindus
12. Social Darwinism was the reason why the British were interested in colonizing India in the mid-18th century? True /False
13. As discussed in class, because the Indians in the late 1700s and early 1800s were ______________ there was massive social discontent by mid-century which caused, in part, the outbreak of rebellion in 1856.
a. underpaid, underworked and well treated
b. undertaxed, well represented in Parliament, and booted off their land
c. overworked, overtaxed and booted off their land
d. booted off their land, well treated, and given food as compensation for their work
14. Indian leaders during the 1856 rebellion stressed pan-Indian unity (Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs) in the face of British colonialism. True/ False
15. Indian rebels has more troops and better access to guns and firepower than their British opponents in the 1856 Rebellion. True/ False
16. As discussed in class, the defining incident which started the 1856 Rebellion was the effort on the part of British military officials to force Indian recruits to clean their rifles with cow and pig fat. This was, in the end, probably the main cause of the rebellion because Indians of all faiths were concerned
a. that the British wanted to rule them indefinitely
b. that Muslims would eventually be the oppressed class after Independence
c. that the British would eventually force Indian women to also fight for their cause in WWI
d. that the British wanted to convert them to Christianity
17. One of the results, as discussed in class, of Indian support for the British during WWI was
a. immediate independence
b. the promise that Indians would be financially compensated for their support
c. the India Act of 1919
d. Gandhi's decision to go to South Africa
e. Jinnah's insistence that Muslims be allowed to join the army too
18. Gandhi was born into which caste in Hindu society?
a. The Priest Class
b. The Ruler-Warrior Class
c. The Merchant Class
d. The Undesirables
19. While a student in London, Gandhi took to all Western customs, and therefore ate meat, drank alcohol, and engaged in regular sexual activities with other English university students. True/ False
20. After graduating from law school, Gandhi initially went to ____________ where he attempted to establish a law practice. It failed, and he moved back home to Rajkot. This was in the early 1890s.
a. Bangladesh
b. New Delhi
c. Calcutta
d. Mumbai
21. Gandhi, once in South Africa, worked together with British officials during the Boer and Zulu wars in an effort to:
a. gain independence for India
b. earn money so that he could move back to India
c. gain the respect of the British who he hoped would be grant full citizenship to Indians in South Africa
d. because he considered himself British by this point
22. When Gandhi was thrown off of a train in South Africa in 1893 for essentially being an Indian in a First-Class section of the train, he began his life of civil disobedience and resistance to oppression. True / False
23. What is satyahgraha?
a. violent resistance to British oppression in India after 1757
b. passive non-cooperation as outlined in Gandhi's resistance to French occupation of India
c. non-violent resistance
d. resistance, no matter the method, to Indian occupation in Pakistan
24. What is Swaraj, to Gandhi?
a. Resistance, violently, to return India to Indians
b. Accommodation to oppression, so let the British stay
c. Self-control in the face of violence, with the idea that immigrants should be treated kindly
d. Self-governance, and a sort of regeneration back to a unit community of Indians
25. An important moment when Gandhi became famous in South Africa was in 1906 when he and many Indian immigrants convened in the Empire Theater to discuss the injustices of the:
a. The Indian Discrimination Act which legalized mixed racial marriages
b. The Asiatic Law Amendment which required Indians to carry a pass identification card and get fingerprinted
c. The Indian Relief Act which gave Indians full citizenship
d. The India Act of 1919 which promised eventual independence from Great Britain for India
26. After graduation from law school in Great Britain, Gandhi went to work in South Africa and became
a. a bitter enemy of apartheid (government-sanctioned racism)
b. an advocate for immigrant rights
c. a social and political activist dedicated to non-violent resistance
d. an outspoken critic of the British colonial government
e. all of the above
27. Which of the following is NOT true about Gandhi's life in South Africa?
a. he worked on behalf of immigrant rights
b. he developed many of his social and political ideas (such as civil disobedience)
c. he worked hard with Nehru and Ali Jinnah to secure independence for South African independence from the French
d. he began to speak to large audiences about the abuses of British colonialism
e. he became a devout student of other religions
28. What did Nehru, Ali Jinnah and Gandhi have in common aside from their commitment to Indian independence?
a. they were all Hindu nationalists
b. they were all educated as lawyers in Britain
c. they all despised Winston Churchill
d. they uniformly fought for the creation of Muslim Pakistan
29. Gandhi took a leadership role in the Indian National Congress after his return to India and used this political organization as a way to promote change through peaceful resistance to oppression. True /False
30. Which of the following were among the non-violent campaigns carried out by Gandhi after his return to India?
a. he sponsored non-cooperation instead of violence to deal with the British
b. he called on Indians to abstain from using British products
c. he appealed to Indians to refuse to work for British companies
d. he told Indians to not pay unjust taxes to the British
e. all of the above are correct
31. After a major massacre of poor Indians in the region of Amristar in 1909, Gandhi became an internationally figure because he:
a. protested the massacre by flying to London and appealing before the queen to stop the atrocities
b. criticized the violence on both sides, was arrested, sent to jail, and held a hunger strike before he was released to adoring crowds of supporters
c. used a rifle to kill a British soldier, thus creating more chaos the British had to deal with
d. marched to the sea to rally people against unfair taxes
32. On the same day India achieved independence from Great Britain in 1947, the country split into the two opposing nations of:
a. Hindustan and Afghanistan
b. India and Bhutan
c. Nepal and Pakistan
d. Pakistan and India
33. All of the following are true about The Partition except:
a. it involved Muslims and Sikhs fleeing north to Kashmir
b. it was a movement - people uprooting themselves from their homes - of approximately 10 million people
c. it was one of the bloodiest, most violent, and deadly events in Indian history
d. it was opposed, philosophically, by Gandhi
34. Gandhi is eventually assassinated by a fellow Hindu. True /False
35. As discussed in class, prior to 1492 Europe had
a. a complicated, multi-layered social structure with a large consumer class
b. no contact with peoples from other parts of the globe
c. a simple two-tiered social structure with a small elite and a large "traditionally poor" class
d. no real form of national government or laws to control the lives of people
36. Which of the following might be considered the primary catalyst (instigator) for the change in the European social structure after 1492?
a. the British takeover of India in the 1750s
b. the proletarian takeover of the Bourgeoisie as prophesized by Marx
c. less highway robbery
d. the Atlantic Trade Triangle and the gradual enrichment of Europeans after 1492
37. As discussed in class, new crops from the Americas enriched farmers in Europe which enabled them to buy better farming equipment (plows, in particular) which in turn led these European farmers to produce _____________ that they sold in abundance in the expanding and diversifying marketplace.
a. Indian and African cotton
b. modes of production as identified by Marx
c. food surpluses
d. textiles
38. Apart from better equipment (like plows), Europeans who made money from the expanding and diversifying marketplace after 1492 wisely invested their money in infrastructure. This, furthermore, led to the expansion of widespread trade and travel. True False
39. What were the two industries we pinpointed in class as arguably the most important ones during the initial stages of the Industrial Revolutions?
a. textiles and food processing
b. machinery and iron
c. copper metal-making and textiles
d. textiles and iron
e. machinery and food processing
40. It was the newly rich, the Bourgeoisie, who adopted the ideas of The Enlightenment in the 1700s and 1800s as their group "identity." True/ False
41. Cities, by and large, were unprepared for the arrival of poor people from the European countryside into the new industrial centers. Housing, transportation, and sanitation systems were, in particular, not ready for so many new arrivals. True / False
42. It was the newly rich, the Bourgeoisie, who worked in the factories averaging sometimes 14 or 16 hours a day without much in the way of health or safety standards. True False
43. Cholera is a water-born disease which was easily transmitted in the urban slums around Europe in the 1700s and 1800s because the poor used the same water sources for drinking, washing their clothes, and other forms of personal hygiene. True/ False
44. As discussed in class, Nationalism is a political theory which
a. stresses that the welfare of the individual is paramount
b. stresses that the individual within a given culture is most important of all
c. emphasizes that peoples are united based on common linguistic, racial, religious and historical similarities
d. none of the above are true
45. As discussed in class, what is the belief in the superiority of one's culture and the fear and hatred of other cultures? ________________________
a. Egoism
b. Eurocentrism
c. Ethnocentrism
d. Elitism
e. Exorcism
46. Nationalism is, in essence, the opposite of patriotism. True/ False
47. As discussed in class, how did "Nationalism as an articulated political philosophy" evolve? It evolved
a. out of Spain's attempt to take over Europe after Columbus' discovery
b. when Germany and Italy, among other countries in Europe, spoke out against Jewish occupation of their territories in the 19th century
c. after Joseph Ernest Renan read John Locke and Isaac Newton's ideas
d. during the European Restoration after Napoleon's failed effort to unit Europe under France (Council of Vienna in 1815)
48. Which of the following is NOT a part of Joseph Ernest Renan's definition of nationalism?
a. it involves a common vision for the future among a nation's citizens
b. it stresses the requirement of cultural diversity as part of a nation's identity
c. it requires fundamental shared elements of its citizens
d. it emphasizes a commitment to achieving a common vision for the future among a nation's citizens
49. Nationalism served the interests of the Europeans in the 19th and 20th centuries because they believed that anything they did which improved the status and welfare of the nation - to include conquering foreign peoples (sometimes violently) and controlling their lands and resources - was okay. True/ False
50. Nationalism served the interests of "conquered peoples" throughout Africa and India, for example, because the philosophy eventually became a successful tool or instrument to resist foreign (European) domination. True / False