Problem:
Question 1: Does autonomic innervation enable different patterns of regional blood flow within the body?
(a) yes, or
(b) no.
Question 2: Can the opposing effects of norepinephrine within vascular smooth muscle, i.e. vasoconstriction versus vasodilation, be explained in terms of different types of adrenergic receptors and 2nd messenger pathways?
(a) yes,
(b) no.
Question 3: The table below outlines qualities of arterial blood in our model animal.
What would happen to blood pressure if autonomic innervation of arterial smooth muscle abruptly stopped?
(a) no effect,
(b) slight effect,
(c) sudden decrease.
Question 4: Regional changes in blood flow occurred during our case study. Where did the greatest increase in blood flow occur?
(a) CNS,
(b) skeletal muscle,
(c) liver, or
(d) alimentary canal.
Question 5: Heartbeat frequency increased during the case study as the result of an autonomic reflex. In this case, what induced the reflex?
(a) an external stimulus,
(b) an internal condition, or
(c) the animal's situation.
Question 6: Many reflexes are induced by simple stimuli and depend upon central integration at a single site. Examples include the myotatic, vestibulo-ocular, and pupillary light reflexes. In contrast, the central integration that increased heartbeat frequency within the case study required cross-talk between the cerebral cortex and limbic system, of which the hypothalamus is a key component. The physiological roles of hypothalamic nuclei are outlined in the table below.
Axons project from posterior nuclei into the:
(a) brainstem's vasomotor center,
(b) spinal cord's intermediolateral nuclei, or
(c) paravertebral ganglion chains.
Question 7: Do the bulbospinal tracts link the vasomotor center with the intermediolateral nuclei of the thoracolumbar cord?
(a) yes, or
(b) no.
Question 8: The adjective motor, defined loosely, means something happens in response to a motor neuron. In regard to the circulatory system, innervation by autonomic motor neurons enabled the following abilities: increased heartbeat frequency, increased contraction of the heart walls, and regional changes in blood flow. Consequently, three types target cells were involved: cardiac pacemaker cells, cardiac muscle cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Identify the location of the adrenergic neurons that innervated these target cells:
(a) brainstem,
(b) thoracolumbar cord, or
(c) paravertebral ganglion chains.
Question 9: What happens to the small arteries in skeletal muscle at the onset of exertion?
(a) vasodilation,
(b) vasoconstriction, or
(c) no change in diameter.
Question 10: What happens to the small arteries of an animal's alimentary canal and kidneys at this time?
(a) vasodilation,
(b) vasoconstriction, or
(c) no change in diameter.
Please provide correct answer.