One mole of n-butane in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an irreversible isothermal expansion against a constant external pressure until the forces balance. The initial pressure is 10 bar, and the initial molar volume is 3 3 1023 m3/mol, and the final volume is 0.05 m3/mol. Take the temperature of the surroundings to be 298 K. Use the van der Waals equation of state and
(a) What is the initial temperature?
(b) What is the final pressure?
(c) How much work is done during this process?
(d) How much heat is transferred this process?
(e) What is the entropy change of the universe for this process?