The below assignment has been written by another student. Please read it very carefully and reply to it by providing at least 250 meaningful words, APA format, at least one in-text cite and from at least one academic resource. Textbook-Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Thanks (Teresa) In 1950-Erik Erikson; Developed a theory of development that spanned the entire lifespan, emphasized social contexts (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p.7). The human growth and development theory that has been researched and supported is Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
According to (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015)"Psychosocial development, the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as societies members" (p. 10).
1). Behavior Perspectives: The approach suggesting that keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment as events (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 14).
2. Classical (Respondent) Conditioning: A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to some neutral stimuli that normally doesn't bring about their type of response (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 14).
3. Operant Conditioning: A form of learning a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its associated with positive reinforcements or negative reinforcements consequences (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p.15). Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, which continued Sigmund Freud's theories by including eight stages, five of these stages, up to adulthood, the remaining three into adulthood (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p.12).
According to (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015) "Erik Erikson's Trust Vs. Mistrust; birth through the first year is the first stage where the infant has a sense of being, totally relying on a caregiver; as a positive outcome of Hope, is met and the feeling of security is established" (p. 12). In addition to (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015) says, "If this stage is not met, then the negative outcome of fear and mistrust of others is a feeling brought into the second stage of Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt, hopefully with a positive outcome of Willpower; If not that distrust, and the self-doubt gets stronger, as a child ages from the age of three through late adulthood.
As these stages overlap, it doesn't mean each of these stages "needs", are not met, nor are they a "Crisis" stage, as a person develops into late adulthood" (p.12). When Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development overlap; there consisting of Initiative Vs. Guilt; Industry Vs. Inferiority; Identity Vs. Role Confusion; Intimacy Vs. Isolation; Generativity Vs. Stagnation and Ego Integrity Vs. Despair (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 12).
Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory was researched, and was not supported by that research, however, the research had described the explanations of adult personality function and childhood development. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Sigmund Freud also described three relatable personality components, that are extended through adulthood, which are described as follows: 1). "The id: is the biological self, the source of all human being's energy.
Babies are born with an id and a few other aspects are developed throughout the human being's lifespan. The id is driven and concerned with gratification of pleasure" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p.9). 2). "The ego: emerges as a child is learning new skills, unlike the id, the ego operates on reality principle. The instinct for oneself to for their needs is The id, and the ego is a rational problem solving approach". 3). "The Superego: is based on a person's actions and the feelings associated with those actions taken" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p.9). "With the superego in place, the ego must now take account not only of instinctional pressures from the id, and of external realities, but also of the superego's constraints. It must meet the needs of the id without upsetting the superego to avoid the unpleasant anxiety of guilt" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p.9).
Jean Piaget. Theory of Cognitive development. According to Piaget, J (1970);" Paiget identified himself as genetic epistemologist"; "Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the origin, nature, extent and limits of human knowledge" (n. p). In addition; Piaget stipulates his "research on children's cognitive development lead to the studies of intellectual development and created a theory and described the stages that children pass through in the development of intelligence and formal thought processes" (Piaget, 1970, n. p). Theory of Intellectual development includes our stages: 1). Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2), 2). Pre-operational stages (2 to age 7), 3). Concrete operational stage (age 7 to 11 years) and 4). Formal operational stage (12 years into Adulthood).
According to Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, and Benson (2006) "Spirituality was variously conceptualized as one's relationship with God, self and/or transcendent forces, including nature" (p.254).
Spiritual Development; "Processes along four interdependent dimensions: the inner-biological, the individual-psychology, the cultural-sociological and the outer-physical (Roehlkepartain et al, 2006, p. 258).
According to Schuumans-Stekhoven, J. B (2013) stipulates "The issue of whether the correlation of spirituality with positive psychological factors represents a causal link remains unresolved". In addition, it was mentioned that" both supporters said opponents of this claim agree that past statistical findings are difficult to interpret, in large part because of the on-going disagreement over how spirituality should be defined and measured" (pp. 131-146). "Spiritual identity development is a lifelong process not bound on a specific critical period nor does it unfold in an easily understandable or predictable pattern. (Roehlkepartain et al, 2006, p 260). (Acts 17:11: New King James Version) says "These were more fair-minded than these in Thessalonica; in that they received the words with all readiness, and searched the Scriptures daily to find out whether those things were so.
(2 Timothy 3:16): "All Scriptures is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for collection, for instruction in righteousness" (NKJV)