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Background Originating Discipline (TOE Framework)
The Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework was formally introduced by Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990) in The Processes of Technological Innovation, drawing on three foundational disciplines: Information Systems (IS), Organisational Innovation Theory, and Innovation Diffusion research (Rogers, 1983). Developed to explain how organisations, rather than individuals, adopt and implement technological innovations, TOE distinguishes itself from individual-level models such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989) and the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) (Rogers, 2003), by conceptualising adoption through three interdependent contexts: technological, organisational, and environmental factors. These contexts encompass infrastructure, compatibility, managerial support, human capital, financial capacity, competitive forces, and regulatory conditions, interacting as mutually reinforcing or constraining forces that determine adoption trajectories (Musheke & Phiri, 2021; Gangwar et al., 2015).
A notable strength of TOE is its theoretical flexibility, enabling broad application across IS research including cloud computing, enterprise digital transformation, and more recently AI-enabled technologies and cybersecurity systems (Oliveira & Martins, 2011; Alshamaila & Papagiannidis, 2013; Chatterjee et al., 2021; Nugroho et al., 2024). Recent studies further extend TOE into AI-driven technologies and cybersecurity contexts, reflecting their continued relevance in evolving IS environments (Wallace et al., 2020; Chatterjee et al., 2021; Nugroho et al., 2024). This adaptability is particularly relevant in South Africa, where POPIA, FSCA, and SARB prudential requirements, alongside infrastructural constraints and skills shortages, exert significant environmental and organisational pressures on retail banks' adoption of AI-driven cybersecurity (Mthembu & Kwenda, 2023; Wallace et al., 2020). Need Assignment Help?