Q. Simon satisfying behaviour model?
The behavioural approach as developed in particular by Richard Cyert and James G. March of the Carnegie School, lays emphasis on explaining how decisions are taken within the firm and goes well beyond neo-classical economics. This approach utilises work of Herbert Simon on behaviour in circumstances of uncertainty conducted in the 1950s. He argues that "people possess limited cognitive ability and so can exercise only 'bounded rationality' when making decisions in complicated, uncertain situations". Sogroups and individuals tend to 'satisfy'-which is, to attempt to obtain realistic goals, instead of maximise a profit or utility function. March and Cyert argued that firm can't be regarded as a monolith, since different individuals and groups within it have their own aspirations and conflicting interests and that firm behaviour is weighted outcome of these conflicts. Organisational mechanisms (like 'satisfying' and sequential decision-taking) exist to sustain conflict at levels which aren't unacceptably detrimental. Compared to ideal state of productive efficiency there is organisational slack (Leibenstein's X-inefficiency).
For Cyert and March, the firm is best viewed as a coalition of individuals or groups of individuals. Individuals or groups of individuals are seen as being likely to have goals while organisations do not. There is the likelihood that there may be competing goal conflict between groups or individuals that make up the coalition. A simple resolution of this potential conflict can be achieved as follows: The assumption that there is a highest authority which is willing and able to force conformity in the behaviour of these groups or individuals to some higher level goal or assumption of a happy coincidence of consensus is rejected from the outset. Rather March and Cyert argue that organisational goals are formed through a bargaining process including the members of the coalition. The form, which this bargaining takes, is generally over the distribution of what are referred to as 'side payments'. Side payments are inducements in the form of policy commitments or simply payments. Distinction between these two forms of 'side payments' may not be important. This is since commitments to pay money can be reduced to policycommitments.