Problem: A similar study by Slee (1996) also used parent responses on the Family Environment Scale (FES) as well as independent home observations of families with a CD child to families of youth without disorder. Results showed that in families with a CD child, parents reported less cohesion, expressiveness, independence, an active-recreational focus, and organization while also reporting more conflict and a greater use of parental control in dealing with their children with CD. In addition, the home observation confirmed that parents with a CD child were significantly more controlling in their interactions with their children. A review of the relevant research on this subject by Hetherington and Martin (1972) describes the parents of CD children as "... maladjusted, inconsistent, arbitrary, and given to explosive expressions of anger" (p. 356). In addition, the authors described the coercive interchange between parents and CD youth as one in which the parent responds to the youth's demands in a noncontingent manner, and has been termed the "coercive process" by Patterson (1982). In other words, the rewards and punishments prescribed by the parent are not logically matched. Need Assignment Help?