Psychology 351 Quiz 2, Ch 7-12 Multiple Choice, each worth .5 Please highlight your answer in yellow like this and submit quiz with your name on it- 1. The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called: a. myelination b. action potential c. transmission d. mylarization 2. Young children have difficulty with fine motor skills because: a. They lack the necessary muscular control b. They lack visual acuity c. They lack perceptual skills d. They lack motivation to develop them 3. The inability to understand the Piagetian concept of conservation is a direct and most immediate result of: a. Lack of intelligence b. centration c. egocentration d. irreversibility 4. Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery, Vygotsky attributed it to: a. Biological changes in the brain b. Unconscious factors c. Watching others complete activities d. Social activities guided by others 5. Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about ___ pounds and grow about ___ inches per year. a. 5; 6 b. 5; 2 c. 4 ½; 4 d. 5 ½; 4 ½; 6. Five year old Chaim is participating in Piaget's three-mountain problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely select a. Correct picture but not be able to explain why he chose it b. Picture that shows the researcher's point of view c. Correct picture and be able to explain why he chose that picture d. picture that shows his own point of view 7. Effects of malnutrition can include a. No long term effects if it lasts no longer than 10 years b. Permanent brain damage that result in cognitive impairments such as learning disabilities c. Long term effects can be avoided if there is lots of love and affection d. There will always be permanent brain damage and cognitive impairment 8. A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is a. A steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal b. That adults use scaffolding to help children focus c. That children become bored by novelty d. That children begin to distinguish appearance from reality 9. A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people and the ability to think about thinking is called: a. Intuitive psychology b. Psychological schemata c. Theory of mind d. Self schemes 10. For Erikson, the negative outcome of the early childhood task of autonomy versus shame/doubt a. Harsh punishment will lead to a poor self concept b. Child will begin to rate his own ability as extremely high regardless c. Child will not trust in the world to meet his or her needs d. Child will be eager to try new tasks 11. Children who are sociable and assertive are a. More likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress b. Usually poor at regulating emotion c. Likely to show a rise in heart rate and lip biting when they see a peer in distress d. Often overwhelmed by others' distress 12. Four to seven year olds regard friendship as a. Sharing thoughts and feelings b. Pleasurable play and sharing of toys and shared activities c. Having an enduring quality based on mutual trust d. Dependent on caring for one another in times of need 13. Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my check. Everybody is going to laugh at me". Marsha is demonstrating a. A volatile mismatch b. Implicit judgment c. Her belief in an imaginary audience d. An invincibility fable 14. Which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment? a. Harshly treated children are rarely aggressive toward other children b. Adults whose parents used corporal punishment tend to reject such discipline c. Harsh punishment induces a sense of being personally threatened d. Harsh punishment causes children to be overly sensitive and empathetic 15. Rather than ending at adolescence, we know our cognitive development continues into adulthood with most theorists suggestion that: a. Adult thinking is just a consolidation of earlier acquired skills b. Practical experience and flexibility will be important to the development of postformal thought c. Formal education past high school is necessary for development of postformal thinking skills d. Gender differences will account for much of what happens cognitively as we age 16. Which of the following is true about the authoritative child-rearing style? a. Authoritative parents exert control, yell, command, criticize, and threaten their children b. Many authoritative parents simply lack confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior c. Authoritative parents combine low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy d. Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use "teaching moments" to promote the child's self-regulation 17. Which of the following is true about the permissive child-rearing style? a. instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so b. Permissive parents exercise firm, reasonable control over their children c. Permissive parents insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations d. Permissive parents are emotionally detached and depressed, with little time and energy for their children 18. Research on sex differences in motor skills during middle childhood indicates that a. Boys are ahead of girls on gross-motor skills such as jumping, hopping and skipping b. Boys are more advanced than girls in fine-motor skills c. Boys' genetic advantage in muscle mass is large enough to account for their gross-motor superiority entirely d. Girls outperform boys on skills that depend on agility and balance 19. Sixteen year old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating: a. The personal fable b. Deductive reasoning c. Moral reasoning d. Invincibility fable 20. In Sternberg's triarchic theory, intelligent behavior involves balancing a. Linguistic, emotional, and practical intelligences b. Spatial, kinesthetic, and interpersonal intelligences c. Creative, intrapersonal and emotional intelligences d. Analytical, creative and practical intelligences 21. Jacob. A sixth grade, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows a. autonomy b. industriousness c. inferiority d. basic trust. 22. Nadia's parents are repeatedly disapproving and insulting. As a result, Nadia probably _________________ and relies heavily on ___________ to affirm her self-worth. a. Needs constant reassurance; peers b. Has unrealistically high self-esteem; her parents c. Has an overblown self-image; reasonable standards d. Seek attention from other adults; other relatives 23. Fernando has reached the self-reflective level of Selman's stages of perspective taking. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Fernando? a. He recognizes that others have different thoughts and feelings, but frequently confuses them with his own b. He can "step into another person's shoes" and view his own thoughts, feelings and behavior from the other person's perspective c. He can step outside of a two-person situation and imagine how the self and other are viewed from a point of vie of a third, impartial party. d. He understands that third-party perspective taking can be influenced by one or more systems of larger societal values 24. Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that: a. Children who belong to a peer group rarely use relationally aggressive tactics to oust no longer "respected children b. Belonging to a peer group diminishes opportunities to acquire socially competent behavior c. Formal peer groups, such as 4-H or religious groups often fail to satisfy children's desire for group membership. d. Within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership ad loyalty to collective goals 25. On average, girls reach puberty a. At approximately the same time as the boys b. Two months earlier than the boys c. Two years earlier than the boys d. Two years later than the boys 26. Who is most likely to develop an eating disorder? a. Taylor, who is an only child b. Angelo, who is a late maturing boy c. Tanya, who is a late maturing girl d. Christine, who is an early maturing girl 27. Kia, age 14, uses hypothetic-deductive reasoning, Therefore, she probably a. Makes predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and then deduces logical, testable inferences from that hypothesis b. Starts with what she knows, conducts observations, and revises her approach to problem solving c. Cannot yet think of alternatives when her predictions about an outcome are not confirmed d. Is strongly motivated to identify and experiment with new memory strategies, although he may not yet use new strategies effectively 28. Adolescents whose parents engage in _____________ decision making achieve better academically a. Joint parent-adolescent b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Idealistic 29. Jose has begun to question his parents' political beliefs and attended several rallies to find out about alternatives and try to figure out his own beliefs. He is characterized by identity a. Diffusion b. Foreclosure c. Moratorium d. Achievement 30. Identity-diffused individuals a. Have committed to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration b. Are apathetic, lacking both exploration and resolution c. Have accepted a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures d. Have explored, but not yet committed, to values and goals 31. Which of the following is true about perspective taking? a. Good perspective takers handle difficult social situations effectively but are inconsistent in their displays of empathy and sympathy b. Children with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others' thoughts and feelings c. Because school-age children are egocentric, they have difficulty understanding others' viewpoints d. While angry and aggressive children often mistreat adults and peers, they usually experience feelings of guilt and remorse when prompted by awareness of another's viewpoint 32. At Kohlberg's conventional level, a. Behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, while those that lead to rewards are good b. Individuals move beyond unquestioning support for their won society's rules and laws c. Individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order d. Individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies 33. Parents can foster adolescents' moral understanding by a. Placing limits on their free time b. Allowing them to make adult decisions without interference c. Asserting their own personal opinions frequently d. Asking clarifying questions 34. Michael is an adolescent nearing adulthood who is trying out life possibilities, gathering important information about himself and his environment and moving toward making enduring decisions. In doing so , Michael is probably a. Identity-foreclosed b. Having an identity crisis c. In a state of identity diffusion d. Forging an organized self-structure toward a state of identity achieved 35. At Kohlberg's Stage 5 of moral development, individuals a. Become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma b. Believe that laws should not be disobeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order c. Regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes d. Typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person 36. Which of the following is true about adolescent friendships? a. Close friendships in early adolescence often interfere with identity development b. Close friendships provide a foundation for future intimate relationships c. Compared with peer groups of middle childhood, adolescent peer groups are less tightly structured and exclusive d. Among girls, clique membership may contribute to the rise in depression during early adolescence. 37. The imaginary audience is most likely responsible for adolescents' a. Increased argumentativeness with their parents b. Extreme self-consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism c. Greater willingness to engage in risky behavior d. Ability to solve problems with many variables 38. Alan likes well-structured tasks and values material possessions Alecia prefers working with people. According to Holland's six personality types, Alan is _______ and Alecia is ________________. a. Social; realistic b. Investigative; conventional c. Conventional; social d. Enterprising; encouraging 39. Using Ginsberg's model, during the realistic period of vocational development, the first step is often ___________ and the final step is ____________. a. fantasy; reality b. interest; ability c. exploration; crystallization d. acquisition; vocational decision 40. Research indicates that adolescents need about ____- hours of sleep each night, with sleep deprivation affecting _______________. a. 7; cognitive performance throughout the day b. 7; having trouble staying awake in school c. 9; performing cognitive tasks especially during morning hours d. 9; increasing risk-taking behavior 8