Discussion:
1 There are a total of ten steps in negotiation planning. The task at hand is planning a negotiation convincing people to revoke the ability to smoke in public places. This is the first step where the goal of negotiation is defined. The second step is the listing of major issues in the negotiation. The smoker group usually put forward an argument that their right to smoking freedom is infringed upon. Another important issue is that the previous attempts to impose such a law failed in the Kentucky general assembly. The third step is defining of the weighted importance of each of the issues at hand. The most devastating impact smoking will have is the rise in second hand smoking. People who are not interested in smoking will end up inhaling the smoke and damage their lungs. Another thing is kids will be greatly influenced by this and also their health will be affected because of passive smoking. Some kids will die of sudden infant death syndrome as a result of passive smoking. The fourth step is the defining of the interest. In this case, the whole people of Kentucky have their interest in giving their children a smoke free world. The next step is the defining of alternatives or BATNAs. The best alternative is allow people in designated smoking areas within the open spaces. Such restrictive allowing of smoking will help in reducing passive smoking(Jones, 2015). The sixth step is defining of limits and a resistance point. In this case, a resistance point would be school zones. No smoking can be allowed in school zones and hospital zones. This will at least help in protecting our young and weak. The seventh step is the understanding of the other party's goals. The other party in this scenario is the tobacco companies and the lawmakers that are backed by them. Their main goal is to maximize the usage of tobacco. The tobacco companies wage a proxy war by talking about the infringement of smoker's freedom. The eighth step is the opening bid. In this case, the opening bid is asking for state wide smoking ban in all public places. The ninth step is the assessment of the social context of the negotiation. In this case, there are several people who are victims of passive smoking and that sets the social context(Hoffman, 2012). The last step is outlines how the issues will be presented to the other party. This can be done by making a strong case by bringing kids who are suffering from tragic illness due to passive smoking.
References:
Jones, A. M., Laporte, A., Rice, N., & Zucchelli, E. (2015). Do public smoking bans have an impact on active smoking? evidence from the UK. Health Economics, 24(2), 175.
Hofmann, A., & Nell, M. (2012). Smoking bans and the secondhand smoking problem: An economic analysis. The European Journal of Health Economics : HEPAC, 13(3), 227-36
2 People are considered as hostages if they are snatched for requirement or demand in a certain situation. Negotiating with the people who take these hostages is very sensitive and needs some amount of training. So, the job of negotiators is to create a kind of reciprocal interest in between the authorities and the people who take the hostages. There are many deadliest attacks happened in the recent past, however, I would like to mention the cruelest attack happened in September 2004 in the Beslan school. The majority of the people killed in this incident are students, out of the 331 people who were killed, 186 of them are children. It is considered as the third deadliest terrorist attack (Dolnik, A., & Fitzgerald, K. M. 2011). To reduce the amount of these attacks many countries have begun to come up with negotiation techniques
These negotiation techniques are learned to be widely adopted after the attack that happened in Munich Olympics(1972) to deal with the situations between the hostage-takers and authorities (Dolnik, A., & Fitzgerald, K. M. 2011). After adopting the negotiation techniques for nearly over the span of 40 years results are pretty impressive with the astonishing 95 % of success rated however this is mostly aimed at the people who are without no arms. Indeed, the people who take the hostages have no real intention initially to do such thing, however, has to opt this option to escape from the cops (Soskis & Van Zandt, 1986). Negotiation techniques are not widely successful when they are dealing with the terrorists who have the beliefs of religion because of the fact the motivation of religion is making them kill or get killed. Most of the hostage situation is conducted by the people who are considered to be mentally unstable (Soskis & Van Zandt, 1986). So considering all these situations and with the amount of success fetched with the negotiation, I would think, it would be wise for the government in agreeing on the granted immunity, even if they have other motivations in capturing and prosecuting these terrorists because innocent people are getting harmed if these negotiation techniques are gone improperly.
Reference
Dolnik, A., & Fitzgerald, K. M. (2011). Negotiating Hostage Crises with the New Terrorists. Studies In Conflict & Terrorism, 34(4), 267-294. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2011.551718.
Soskis, D. A., & Van Zandt, C. R. (1986). Hostage Negotiation: Law Enforcement's Most Effective Nonlethal Weapon. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 4(4), 423-435.
3 For any successful negotiation it is very important to understand the phases and flow of negotiations:
Initiation:
The whole negotiation depends how it gets unfolded and hence Initiation is a critical part of the negotiation process. It is very important to understand the priorities, plan accordingly and communicate correct information in an effective way to have a successful negotiation. It is critical to set the right tone for the discussion which in turn creates the environment or stage for negotiation. "Oftentimes, the atmosphere you create and the way in which you present your argument can mean more to the transaction than any technical matters or financial terms" (Jensen, K. 2010). Usually a good start and a good note helps both the parties to carry out positive negotiation.
Problem Solving:
Like Initiation, the next phase in the flow of negotiation is also important. It is crucial to gather the right information and understand the other party's stand. Once the information is gathered, the ground for the bargaining is set and various options are discussed. It is required to get all the requirements of the other party. Any negotiator might encounter the three components during problem solving phase:
Undesirable Situation, Desirable Situation, Obstacles while moving from undesirable situation to a Desirable one.
Resolution:
After working through the problems and coming to a conclusion, both the parties in this phase, close the deal by committing to the agreement they have reached in the earlier phase. "The objective of this stage is to build commitment to the agreement achieved in the previous phase. Both the negotiator and the other party have to assure themselves that they reached a deal they can be happy with, or at least accept" (Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. 2016).
By following these phases it is highly likely that both the parties can have a positive negotiation.
References:
Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. (2016). Essentials of negotiation.
Jensen, K. (2010, November 02). How to Open a Negotiation
Delbecq, A. L., and Andrew H. Ven de Ven, "A Group Process Model for Problem Identification and Program Planning," The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 7, no. 4 (1971): 466-92
4 Each of us perceives "ethics" from our own point of reference as to what is or is not ethical. This assignment asks you to consider ethics and whistleblowers. Select one of the behaviors listed below for your discussion posting. Base your posting on your relationship with the "unethical person" and any risk involved in "whistleblowing".
Falsifying of documents is an example of unethical behavior in businesses that employees engage themselves in and involves altering or modifying business records which defraud businesses and customers. It is certainly easier for employees to engage in such malpractices and convince them it is not a big deal. Owing to the fact that this unethical behavior costs employees and customer's money, it should not be avoided but necessary actions should be taken to prevent it (Joshi, 2008). One's moral standards should not be dragged down by other actions of failing to follow ethical behaviors, rather one should honor himself/ herself and be honest. It is quite clear that practicing honesty among employees is likely to halt the act of falsifying the documents.
Whistleblowers in an organization come forward publicly when they fail to receive an acceptable reply. They are often ostracized and are faced with the dilemma of whether to protect their employees or step forward when they notice inappropriate behavior going on among employees. One of the risks involved in whistleblowing is a breakdown of trust between employees and managers. Due to this, challenges on effective working relationships become rampant which creates a hostile environment in the workplace. Whistleblowers are likely to experience hostility and resentment from superiors and peers which distracts employees from completing their assigned tasks effectively (Chokprajakchat, 2017).
Breaking of a chain of command in a workplace is yet another risk likely to occur due to whistleblowing. This risk makes employees neglect the commands from their supervisors. Some whistleblowers bypass the chain of command as they are frightened of repercussions attributed to going against the company. Whistleblowing in an organization can bring about the market or legal related consequences. If the leaders in an organization are observed to endorse or participate in unethical and illegal activities, they are likely to face a fallout. Those employees that do not take part in unethical practices, for instance, falsifying documents, are likely to be affected if at all the company faces public backlash.
References
Chokprajakchat, S. (2017). Whistleblowing in Thailand: Anti-Corruption Policy in Thailand and a Whistleblower Protection Measure. Whistleblowing in the World
Joshi, J. (2008). Chapter-25 Fraud and Misconduct in Clinical Research. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology
5 As a junior congress person you have been asked to help promote a bill to allow casino gambling in your state. There is much opposition to this bill. Using distributive bargaining, discuss the pros and cons which might arise toward the passing or defeating of this bill.
Regardless of the previously mentioned impediments, this examination emphatically recommends that online lottery/casino players have singular qualities related with more elevated amounts of hazard than their disconnected partners. Past examinations have discovered that
Internet bettors, contrasted with non-Internet bettors, demonstrate particular statistic attributes that mirror a larger amount of powerlessness to creating/keeping up gambling issue.
This investigation gives remarkable proof that online lottery/casino players have an extra level of helplessness in light of their unmistakable psychographic qualities. Note that the investigation of psychographics is irreplaceable for identifying the genuine level of hazard in light of the fact that psychographics significantly contributes to the clarification of the contrasts amongst on the web and disconnected players.
The calculated relapse models point to two exceptional discoveries.
To start with, the level of trust in the Internet is a pivotal variable in clarifying the contrasts amongst on the web and disconnected clients, both in lottery and additionally in casino gambling.
This variable, which has scarcely been utilized as a part of past research, could end up being a significant factor for future examinations that explore, among different issues, why the quantity of disconnected card sharks keeps on being significantly bigger than the number of web based card sharks. Second, the web based gambling setting is considerably more conceivably risky for casinos than for the lottery.
Online casinos offer to speculators described by a more grounded propensity to thrift and a lower level of amiability, two psychographics that, in association with the more dangerous states of the Internet scene, make these clients especially defenseless: More extravagant card sharks will wager in a domain where play is speedier furthermore, control over spending more troublesome, and more against social card sharks are inclined to wagering in a detached domain where the assistance of others may not be accessible.
This cross-sectional investigation has quite recently analyzed how the level of hazard for gambling issue is identified with singular qualities at a given minute in time. Later on, longitudinal examinations could inspect how the level of hazard for gambling issue changes after some time because of varieties in singular qualities.
Such a longitudinal approach would help speak to all the more precisely the connection between hazard factors and gambling issue, which is a characteristically unique wonder.
The reason for this adjustment is like that utilized to shield subjects from the risks of shorelines, in which specialists caution about, control, and even boycott washing in the ocean, contingent upon both the level of target hazard existing on each shoreline and the level of subjective hazard related with the typical bathers of each shoreline.
There are a few constraints that diminish the capacity to reach generalizable inferences from the outcomes got. Right off the bat, the information utilized are generally illustrative of Spain, yet it is as yet obscure whether the discoveries can be specifically extrapolated, or should be particularly adjusted to different nations.
References
Abbott, M. W., & Volberg, R. A. (1996). The New Zealand national survey of problem and pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(2), 143-160.
Bergen, A. E., Newby-Clark, I. R., & Brown, A. (2012). Low trait self-control in problem gamblers: evidence from self-report and behavioral measures. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(4), 637-648.
Black, D. W., Shaw, M., McCormick, B., & Allen, J. (2013). Pathological gambling: relationship to obesity, self reported chronic medical conditions, poor lifestyle choices, and impaired quality of life. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(2), 97-104.
Breen, R. B., & Zimmerman, M. (2002). Rapid onset of pathological gambling in machine gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(1), 31-43.
Clarke, D. (2004). Impulsiveness, locus of control, motivation, and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(4), 319-345.
Cole, T., Barret, D. J. K., & Griffiths, M. (2011). Social facilitation in online and offline gambling: a pilot study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9(3), 240-247.
Cotte, J., & Latour, K. A. (2008). Blackjack in the kitchen: understanding online versus casino gambling. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(5), 742-758
6 Distributive bargaining strategy is a competitive negotiation strategy for fixed or limited resources. It is also called as "Zero-Sum", "Claiming Value" or Win-Lose" bargaining. Here the goals of both the parties are fundamentally and directly conflicting to the each other.
The goal of the negotiator is to maximize their share of resources.
It is necessary for a negotiator to understand and be familiar with the distributive bargaining strategy. There are few tactics one can follow, of which few are ethically accepted and few are not.
The four tactical tasks for a negotiator in a distributive situation are:
1. Analyze and assess the target, outcome values, resistance point and the cost of terminating negotiations of the other party: This involves understanding what the information is and how did they interpret this information based on which the other party has fixed its target and resistance points.
Indirect indicators such as observation, consulting documentation, talking to the experts might help assess the resistance points of him/her (other party)
For direct assessment, the other party usually does not reveal the correct / accurate information regarding the above mentioned parameters - target, outcome values, and resistance point
2. Manage the other party's impression about the negotiator's target, outcome value, resistance point, and terminating cost: This involves understanding the other party's impression about the negotiators target, resistance point and termination costs by asking question to the other party and you saying as little as possible.
Reveal facts only required to support your case and direct the other party to form the impression as you desire and drive them to open up for new possibilities or options that are more favorable. It is also important to have control over emotional reactions to the situations, facts, proposals and outcomes. Action to change or alter the impression
3. Modify other party's perception of their target, resistance point, and cost of terminating negotiation.
4. Manipulate the actual costs of terminating or delaying negotiations: This can involve disruptive actions such as increasing the costs of not reaching the agreement. Forming an alliance with outsiders who can influence the outcome values. Changing the scheduling which can be a considerable disadvantage for the other party and enhance your situation and guard you from the actions of the other party.
References:
Laurie R. Weingart, Leigh L. Thompson, Max H. Bazerman, John S. Carroll, (1990) "Tactical Behavior and Negotiation Outcomes", International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 1 Issue
MOEHLER, M. (2010). The (stabilized) nash bargaining solution as a principle of distributive justice. Utilitas, 22(4), 447-473.