Problem: F.D. is a 55-year-old male with a history of smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and frequent severe upper respiratory infections. He has been living with his large extended family in a three-room house since childhood. During the last 3 months, F.D. has developed mild shortness of breath that he attributed to his COPD and smoking. Today, while helping his family in the yard, he developed chest pain and promptly fainted. His family called EMS, and F.D. was taken to the emergency room. His vital signs were: oral TPR = 98.8° F, pulse = 110 bpm, RR = 20 breaths/min, and BP = 160/110. F.D. is alert and oriented and had no complaints of chest pain presently. Cardiac auscultation revealed a loud systolic ejection murmur. A 12-lead ECG revealed left ventricular hypertrophy but no signs of fresh myocardial infarction. F.D. was admitted to the hospital for further observation. Cardiac enzymes measured over the next 8 hours were within normal limits. The physician ruled out myocardial infarction and suspected that F.D. had valvular heart disease. Need Assignment Help?