In the case Pasgraf v. The Long Island Railraod 248 N.Y 339, 169 N.E 99. 1928 N.Y lexis 1269 (NY).], Justice Cardozo found that the railroad wasnot the proximate cause of Helen Palsgraf's injuroes. The concept pf proximate cause in one that is less than precise. Today's world business can we still be sure that the reasoning used by cardozo still applies? Has a new standard developed? reviewing the material in the text you should be able to discuss the issues of causation in a meaningful and disapassionate manner.