1. Calculate the volume, diameter, and height of the cylindrical riser required to prevent shrinkage in a 4 in. × 10 in. × 20 in. casting if the H/D of the riser is 1.5.
2. In general, compared to components prepared using forging, rolling, extrusion, etc., cast products tend to have lower fracture toughness. Explain why this may be the case.