Assignment Task:
You should respond to both discussions separately--with constructive literature material- extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.
Minimum 150 words each reply with references under each reply.
Incorporate a minimum of 2 current (published within the last five years) scholarly journal articles or primary legal sources (statutes, court opinions) within your work. Journal articles should be referenced according to the current APA style (the online library has an abbreviated version of the APA Manual).
Reply 1:
Anemia is a frequent issue for those with chronic kidney disease (CKD), typically caused by lower erythropoietin levels, ongoing inflammation, or a lack of iron (Coyne, 2021). In this instance, a 50-year-old woman suffering from CKD and heart failure shows signs of newly developed anemia. Below are the essential steps for evaluation, treatment options, and follow-up advice.
Which test(s) should be performed to determine whether the anemia is related to chronic disease or iron deficiency, and what would those results show?
Serum ferritin: Ferritin acts as an acute-phase reactant indicating iron levels in the body. In cases of iron deficiency anemia, ferritin levels are generally low (<100 ng/mL in CKD patients); however, in anemia of chronic disease, ferritin is often normal or high (≥100 ng/mL) (KDIGO, 2012).
Transferrin saturation (TSAT): TSAT indicates how much iron is available for making red blood cells. A TSAT below 20% suggests iron deficiency, while a TSAT above 20% indicates enough iron stores (KDIGO, 2012).
C-reactive protein (CRP): This test can help identify if inflammation is causing high ferritin levels, which can hide iron deficiency (Coyne, 2021).
Peripheral blood smear (optional): This test may show small red blood cells and pale color in iron deficiency anemia; in anemia of chronic disease, the cells are usually normal in size and color (McCance & Huether, 2019).
Should the practitioner consider a blood transfusion for this patient? Explain your answer.
Blood transfusion is not necessary at this moment.
As per guidelines, transfusions are meant for patients with severe anemia (typically hemoglobin <7-8 g/dL) or those experiencing symptoms with hemodynamic instability (KDIGO, 2012).
This patient's hemoglobin level is 9.5 g/dL. Although she feels fatigued and has shortness of breath when active, her vital signs remain stable, and there are no indications of acute decompensation (Coyne, 2021).
It is better to avoid transfusions in CKD to lower the risk of alloimmunization, which could affect future kidney transplant eligibility (McCance & Huether, 2019).
Which medication(s) should be considered for this patient?
Oral or intravenous iron supplements: If TSAT is below 30% and ferritin is under 500 ng/mL, it is advised to use iron therapy (KDIGO, 2012).
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) such as epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa: If iron deficiency has been addressed but anemia continues (usually when hemoglobin is below 10 g/dL), it is recommended to consider ESAs to boost red blood cell production (Coyne, 2021).
What considerations should the practitioner include in the care of the patient if erythropoietic agents are used for treatment?
Regularly check hemoglobin levels (every 2-4 weeks at first) to prevent excessive increases; the target hemoglobin should not go over 11.5 g/dL (KDIGO, 2012).
Monitor blood pressure, since ESAs can lead to or worsen hypertension (Coyne, 2021).
Periodically evaluate iron status to confirm sufficient stores for erythropoiesis and modify iron supplementation as necessary (KDIGO, 2012).
Assess the risk of thromboembolic events, as higher hemoglobin targets with ESA use are associated with a greater cardiovascular risk (McCance & Huether, 2019).
What follow-up should the practitioner recommend for the patient?
Reevaluate hemoglobin and iron levels (TSAT, ferritin) every 2-4 weeks after beginning or modifying treatment until stable, then every 3 months (KDIGO, 2012).
Check blood pressure at every appointment and think about home monitoring if ESA therapy starts.
Look for new or worsening signs of anemia, heart failure, or CKD progression.
Work with a nephrologist if managing anemia gets complicated or if ESA therapy is needed (Coyne, 2021). Need Assignment Help?
Reply 2:
1. Which test(s) should be performed to determine whether the anemia is related to chronic disease or iron deficiency, and what would those results show?
"Hematological variables require a careful, methodical analysis in order to differentiate between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia of chronic diseases (ACD). This assessment is typically performed in checking on serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TSAT) and serum ferritin levels." The levels of serum ferritin are often normal or high, indicating an abundance of iron stores (Anumas et al., 2023). In contrast, TSAT and serum iron levels are low due to the inability to utilize iron resulting from ACD. In turn, IDA is characterized by a reduced level of ferritin, decreased TSAT, increased TIBC, and a depleted serum iron level, all of which indicate genuine iron deficiency. Although ferritin is considered the most specific of these markers, in chronic inflammation, such as in chronic kidney disease (CKD), it can be falsely elevated.
2. Should the practitioner consider a blood transfusion for this patient? Explain your answer.
A blood transfusion is not generally prescribed in most clinical scenarios, except when the patient is symptomatic at rest, hemodynamically unstable, or when the hemoglobin (Hb) level is less than 7 g/dL or 8 g/dL, respectively, based on comorbidities. The patient appears slightly pale due to fatigue today and is hemodynamically stable. Her Hb level is within the range of 9.5 g/dL, indicating moderate levels of anemia. In that case, conservative treatment involving pharmacological treatment is desirable for transfusion (Anumas et al., 2023). Blood transfusion is usually withheld, except in cases of severe anemia or when Hb needs to be corrected in an emergency and chronic treatment with erythropoietin is being initiated.
3. Which medication(s) should be considered for this patient?
"Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), specifically epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa, are the primary intervention included in the therapeutic regimen for anemia related to chronic kidney disease (CKD)." In cases where laboratory test results indicate absolute or functional iron deficiency, oral iron should not be used in patients with CKD, especially those not yet on dialysis, due to its poor absorption and effectiveness compared to intravenous iron preparations, such as iron sucrose or ferric gluconate (Bhandari & Kassianides, 2024). ESA therapy should be determined by the status of iron and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration to maintain Hb levels between 10-11.5 g/dL.
4. What considerations should the practitioner include in the care of the patient if erythropoietic agents are used for treatment?
Clinicians need to be cautious about interventions with adverse effects of hypertension, thromboembolism, and pure red cell aplasia during the care of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). The initiation of therapy should be made with caution, with regular monitoring of hemoglobin concentration and blood pressure at least twice a month (Bhandari & Kassianides, 2024). Overcorrection, described as above 12 grams per decilitre (g/dL) of hemoglobin, has beensociated with increased cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, sufficient iron stores are essential for ESA efficacy; as such, simultaneous iron supplementation and serial evaluation of ferritin concentrations and total serum iron saturation (TSAT) are imperative. A progression in the doses should be made to avoid the excessive expression of hemoglobin.
5. What follow-up should the practitioner recommend for the patient?
Patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are recommended to undergo follow-up visits at regular intervals of 2-4 weeks, during which hemoglobin (Hb) and iron indices, as well as blood pressure and clinical response, should be monitored. As parameters become stable, then the frequency of visits can be varied (Anumas et al., 2023). The clinician should continually monitor the side effects caused by ESA and ensure that therapeutic aims are achieved. Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prone to advancement and further complexity, it is recommended to monitor the functioning of the kidneys regularly and cooperate effectively with a nephrologist.