This study guide presents a series of short answer questions that will serve as a great study tool leading up to the exam. I need the short answers for every questions.
1) Identify and explain the definition of psychology presented during class.
2) Identify and explain the goals of psychology.
3) Compare and contrast Structuralism and Functionalism.
4) What are the general characteristics of psychological perspectives? What does it mean to use an Integrative approach?
5) Briefly describe the psychodynamic, behaviorist, humanistic, and cognitive perspectives.
6) Identify the 7 steps of the research process.
7) Define and explain theory, determinism, and lawful patterns.
8) Define and explain Hypothesis including definitions of the independent variable and the dependent variable.
9) Explain the difference between experimental and correlational methods in scientific research.
10) Define objectivity. How does objectivity differ from subjectivity?
11) Define Observer Bias. How do you solve the problem of observer bias?
12) Define Confounding Variables and explain why they are a threat to research.
13) Define expectancy effect and placebo effect.
14) Identify and explain the solution to confounding variables in research.
15) What is Random Assignment? Include definitions of experimental group and control group in your answer.
16) Explain Reliability and Validity in research.
17) Describe the three types of psychological measurement discussed in chapter 2.
18) Define informed consent, risk/gain assessment, and debriefing.
19) When can intentional deception be used in research?
20) Identify and briefly describe the main structures of a neuron.
21) What are the functions of the Glial cells?
22) Describe the process of synaptic transmission up to the point that the synaptic vesicles rupture and release neurotransmitters.
23) Describe the process of synaptic transmission after the point that the synaptic vesicles rupture and release neurotransmitters.
24) Define Action Potential and Resting Potential.
25) Explain the All-or-none-law and the self-propagating characteristic of action potentials.
26) What happens during the refractory period?
27) Describe the biochemical basis of action potentials as displayed in figure 3.8 of your textbook.
28) Define the three classes of neurons.
29) Describe the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.
30) What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System? Include a description of the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System.
31) Identify and describe the three layers of the brain.
32) Identify the functions of the Medulla, Pons, Thalamus, and Cerebellum.
33) Identify the functions of the Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus.
34) Identify and describe the four lobes of the Cerebrum.
35) Define Sensation, Absolute Threshold, and Sensory Adaptation,
36) Define Response bias, Difference Threshold, and Just Noticeable Difference.
37) Define transduction and briefly describe the steps of this process.
38) Identify and describe the cells in the retina that receive and integrate information within the visual system.
39) Describe the process of visual sensation, including definitions of the optic nerve, optic chiasma, and optic tract.
40) Explain the experience of color vision.
41) Explain the process of complex visual analysis based on the information presented in class.
42) Describe the 3 stages of perception.
43) What is the major task of perception? Define distal and proximal stimulus.
44) With regards to perception, what is meant by ambiguity?
45) Define the three types of perceptual constancy discussed during class.
46) What factors influence perception?
47) What is the difference between goal-directed selection and stimulus driven capture?
48) What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?
49) Define the concept of learning as discussed in Chapter 6.
50) Define Reflex, Unconditioned Stimulus, and Unconditioned Response.
51) Define Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response.
52) What were the Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response in Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiment?
53) Define Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery.
54) Define Generalization and Discrimination as they relate to Classical Conditioning.
55) Describe the Edward Thorndike's law of Effect
56) Define Reinforcer and explain Positive and Negative Reinforcement.
57) Define Punisher and explain Positive and Negative Punishment.
58) According to Operant Conditioning, what is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?
59) Describe Observational Learning
60) Identify and describe the 4 factors in Observational Learning.
61) Define memory and describe the 4 types of memory
62) Explain the memory process
63) Describe sensory memory
64) Describe short-term and working memory
65) Identify and describe the 3 components of working memory
66) Describe long-term memory including a discussion of encoding in long-term memory
67) What are the two ways in which we need to remember?
68) What is interference?
69) Define concept, prototype, and schemas
70) Define cognition and cognitive psychology
71) What are reaction times and why are they utilized in cognitive psychology?
72) Describe serial and parallel processing
73) Define controlled and automatic processing
74) Explain deductive reasoning
75) Explain inductive reasoning
Chapter 5 Review Questions
1) Define consciousness and the 4 types of consciousness discussed in class.
2) Discuss the reasons we need to be consciously aware.
3) What are manifest and latent content according to Freudian dream analysis?
4) What is the difference between western and non-western approaches to dream interpretation?
5) What is activation-synthesis model?
6) Describe all of the altered states of consciousness discussed during class.