Problem:
Tests are broadly classified into criterion referenced tests (CRTs) and norm referenced tests (NRTs), differing primarily in their interpretive frameworks (Thorndike & Thorndike-Christ, 2009). CRTs measure performance against fixed, predefined criteria or standards, determining mastery of specific content or skills independently of others' results, ideal for competency-based evaluations. NRTs, conversely, compare an individual's performance to a normative sample, yielding relative standings such as percentiles to differentiate abilities. Interpretations share similarities in deriving from raw scores (correct responses) and informing decisions about individual needs or progress. Differences are stark: CRT interpretations are absolute, indicating whether standards are met (proficiency achieved), facilitating mastery oriented interventions; NRT interpretations are relational, revealing how one ranks among peers, supporting selective decisions like admissions. Online examples include the driver's license road test as a CRT, where passing hinges on demonstrating predefined skills like safe braking, regardless of others (Wikipedia, 2025). The SAT exemplifies an NRT, ranking students against a national cohort for comparative college readiness (Study.com, n.d.). Need Assignment Help?