Oil sands abound in several provinces of Canada. Oil sands contain bitumen, trapped in the sandstone. The best oil sand resources contain close to 0.7 bbl of oil per ton of sand. One method of extracting this resource is to inject high tempera-ture steam or carbon dioxide into the oil reservoir to liquefy the bitumen and bring it to the surface in a pipeline. The heat capacity of the sandstone is 1.1 kJ/kgK. The sand and bitumen are heated from 45 oC to 250 oC for the bitumen to melt and flow into the pipeline. Assuming that all the heat supplied to the extracted bitumen part is recovered at the wellhead, how much heat must be supplied to the sand-stone for this process?