1. How did the rate of black unemployment in large cities compare with the national unemployment rate?
a. Black unemployment was lower.
b. Black unemployment was higher.
c. Black unemployment was at the national average.
d. No statistics were kept on black unemployment during the time.
2. Why were black women often affected more than black men during the Depression?
a. Black women generally lacked the high level of education that black men had achieved.
b. White families could not afford domestic help during the Depression.
c. The only jobs available during the Depression were the skilled jobs for black men.
d. Black women had to stay at home and take care of their children.
3. What does the story of the Binga Bank tell us about blacks during the Great Depression?
a. Some blacks were financially ruined by attempts to help other blacks.
b. Some black businesses were able to succeed despite the Great Depression.
c. Some blacks would turn on each other during the crisis for their own economic gain.
d. Black-owned businesses could be very corrupt and uninterested in black needs.
4. What does the story of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company tell us about blacks during the Great Depression?
a. Some blacks were financially ruined through their attempts to help their community and other blacks.
b. Some black businesses were able to succeed even with the difficulties of the Great Depression.
c. Some blacks would turn on each other during the crisis for their own economic gain.
d. Black-owned businesses could be very corrupt.
5. What did W.E.B. Du Bois criticize the NAACP for in 1934?
a. not filing enough legal cases to end segregation
b. being divided and not helping Marcus Garvey before he was deported
c. not putting enough emphasis on economic development for black Americans
d. for their record of violent protest against both segregation and lynching
6. Who was Juanita Jackson?
a. She was the first black woman admitted to practice law in Maryland and through her legal cases helped destroy segregation.
b. She was the first woman to gain a recording contract with a major white label.
c. She was the first black doctor in the state of Georgia, although she was never allowed to practice medicine in the southern states.
d. She was killed by whites after having an affair with a white married man.
7. Why did Charles Houston and Thurgood Marshall focus on gaining blacks access to professional and graduate schools?
a. They desperately needed more lawyers.
b. Almost no graduate schools existed for blacks in the South.
c. Black graduate schools had been outlawed by many southern states.
d. Blacks could only get high-paying, top jobs in corporations with graduate degrees.
8. Who was black people's main ally within the Roosevelt administration?
a. Franklin Roosevelt himself
b. no one; the Roosevelt administration was very unfriendly to blacks
c. Eleanor Roosevelt
d. Harry Truman
9. How did the AAA benefit blacks?
a. It did not-it generally only benefited white landowners.
b. It poured money into the area in which many blacks were employed.
c. It provided food for blacks in the cities and the countryside.
d. It helped to reopen banks after the crisis and got savings returned to black investors.
10. What was the role of the "black cabinet"?
a. They were token blacks in the administration; they had no real power.
b. They helped the president formulate policy with respect to the Great Depression.
c. They helped reorganize the university system of the U.S. to eliminate segregation.
d. They pressured the government to create and support color-blind legislative policies.
11. What did many blacks think about the role of the social sciences during the Great Depression?
a. Many thought social scientists should provoke additional research and thought only; they should to stay away from political issues.
b. Many intellectuals thought that they might improve race relations.
c. Blacks refused to get into the social sciences during the Great Depression, as this field was dominated by racist whites.
d. The social sciences would prove that racism, and the inferiority of blacks, was an accurate view.
12. Mary McLeod Bethune is an example of which of the following occupation groups of blacks during the Great Depression?
a. domestic workers
b. shipyard workers
c. school teachers
d. social scientists
13. What organization rushed to help the young black men accused in the Scottsboro case?
a. the NAACP
b. the Democratic Party
c. the Communist Party
d. Clarence Darrow's law firm
14. What was the Tuskegee Study?
a. a group of communists that attempted to take over the political affairs of Macon County, Alabama
b. an effort by blacks to revive Booker T. Washington's philosophy of accommodation
c. a federal government-sponsored health study that monitored black men with syphilis
d. an organization of black women who worked to get better prices for household goods in the city of Detroit
15. Which of the following is true about the difficulties faced by black artists in the 1930s and the 1940s?
a. They were never allowed to include political views in their works.
b. Whites simply refused to accept black art or culture in any way.
c. Black artists often had to depend on whites for the financial backing to publish their work.
d. Black artists were actively associated with the Communist Party during this time period.
16. What lessons did The Amos 'n' Andy Show teach white America?
a. Racism was unacceptable, and blacks were the equals to whites.
b. It was acceptable to laugh at black people's efforts to survive.
c. Blacks could be successful in high-level positions in society.
d. Blacks should be doctors, politicians, and lawyers.
17. What 1930s movie most solidified blacks in the roles of servants in the American mind?
a. Belle of the Nineties
b. The Little Colonel
c. Gone with the Wind
d. Just Around the Corner
18. What role did comic strips, radio programs, and movies play during the Great Depression?
a. Because of their realistic subject matter, they reminded everyone of the economic problems the country was facing and the inability of government to come up with solutions.
b. They were merely attempts by whites to further subjugate blacks.
c. They provided at least a small relief from troubles of poverty and hunger.
d. They provided an outlet for black creativity and career advancement.
19. What is the connection between racism and the black culture industry?
a. Whites controlled media production and exploited blacks.
b. Whites controlled media production and entirely excluded blacks.
c. Blacks controlled media production and exploited whites.
d. Blacks controlled media production and entirely excluded whites.
20. How were Oscar Micheaux's films different from standard Hollywood fare?
a. His films were even more outwardly racist than most typical Hollywood portrayals.
b. He produced movies for blacks and often focused on race within black culture.
c. He was a French director who produced films that critiqued American society.
d. His films set the standard that the rest of Hollywood followed regarding race.
21. Where was the central, most vibrant place for the development of black culture in the 1930s and 1940s?
a. Harlem
b. Chicago
c. Philadelphia
d. New Orleans
22. Which of the following men was a Chicago Renaissance artist?
a. W.E.B. Du Bois
b. Booker T. Washington
c. Louis Armstrong
d. Aaron Douglas
23. What changes occurred in music in Chicago during the 1930s and 1940s?
a. Black music became a commodity, and some blacks even became disc jockeys on radio.
b. Music in Chicago never developed in the same creative manner as in Harlem.
c. Black music became more intellectual, pushing average people away.
d. Black music began to incorporate the use of drums and electric guitars.
24. In what area of Chicago was jazz focused?
a. Harlem
b. the North Side
c. the South Side
d. the stockyard neighborhoods
25. Which of the following is true about Mahalia Jackson?
a. She was a famous gospel singer based in Chicago.
b. She was the first African-American woman to write a novel.
c. She was a journalist who campaigned against lynching.
d. She was an innovative dance director in Chicago.
26. How did Katherine Dunham influence African-American dance?
a. She was an anthropologist and incorporated African ritual dances into her choreography.
b. She refused to be influenced by African dance styles.
c. She opened a dance school for African Americans in New York.
d. She forced dance into more conventional, white-inspired performances.
27. What was a main characteristic of Dunham's dance choreography?
a. It was very conservative and often compared to classical ballet.
b. It was frequently filled with sexual movements and innuendo.
c. It was a forerunner of tap dancing.
d. It was quickly adopted by whites across the South.
28. How does the career of singer Billie Holiday reveal the efforts of black artists to agitate for civil rights during the era?
a. She used her art to protest black radicalism.
b. She used her art to elevate southern whites.
c. She used her art to challenge black oppression.
d. She used her art to champion Jim Crow segregation.
29. What was one difference between the Harlem Renaissance and the Chicago Renaissance?
a. Chicago Renaissance writers focused solely on political gains for their race and refused to take part in "frivolous" fictional writing.
b. Chicago Renaissance writers refused to publish their works with white publishers.
c. Chicago Renaissance writers did not feel that their work would solve racial problems.
d. These artists were very similar in goals, methods, and projects.
30. Which of the following statements accurately characterizes black art in Depression era?
a. It was generally upbeat, attempting to provide an escape in difficult times.
b. Because the Depression was severe, no artwork of any consequence was produced by blacks during the period.
c. Although blacks produced much art, most of it refused to deal with any type of controversial issue.
d. Black art of the Depression era was a part of social realism, which attempted to make a political statement.
31. What is the connection between the Federal Arts Project and African American people?
a. No connection existed between the project and blacks.
b. The project was funded by elite blacks.
c. The project prevented blacks from receiving federal support for the arts.
d. Black artists were funded to paint black murals.
32. What is true about the story in the novel Native Son?
a. It was a story about a black man who triumphed over whites and founded a new nation in Africa.
b. It was a story about how discrimination and the difficulties of black life could lead some blacks to murder and violence.
c. It was the story of an American black man who is rejected by his country and adopted by the French as a national hero.
d. It was the story of a young black musician who performs on the radio and gains success by fooling many into thinking he is white.
33. In what sport did Jesse Owens excel during the 1930s?
a. boxing
b. track events
c. horse racing
d. tennis
34. Who broke the color barrier in baseball in 1947?
a. Satchel Paige
b. Rube Foster
c. Jackie Robinson
d. Sammy Sosa
35. Why did the Dodgers decide to sign Robinson?
a. They were doing it as a marketing ploy, to bring more people in to the stadium.
b. They were forced into signing him by the Supreme Court.
c. They were hoping to improve their chances at a pennant race.
d. President Roosevelt, who was a friend of Robinson, personally asked the Dodgers to sign him.
36. What did Executive Order 8802 do?
a. It ended discrimination by race in the armed forces.
b. It desegregated all U.S. government facilities and government-funded facilities.
c. It technically ended discrimination by race in defense industry employment.
d. It allowed black women into the military as nurses and cooks.
37. What was the primary force behind many of Adolf Hitler's policies?
a. nationalism, focused on bringing strength to Italy
b. racism, blaming Jews for all of Germany's problems
c. anticommunism, although Hitler refused to persecute them for fear of Soviet reprisals
d. radicalism, driven by the desire to eliminate conservatives from politics
38. Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor?
a. They were trying to assert control over Asia and force the United States out.
b. They had no apparent reason. It was simply an unprovoked act of aggression. c.' They were angry over American treatment of Japanese and black citizens. d. They were retaliating for American use of the atomic bomb at Hiroshima.
39. What statement is Horace Pippin making in his painting, Mr. Prejudice (1943)?
a. black inferiority to whites
b. white superiority to blacks
c. the problem of racism during wartime
d. the problem of integration during wartime
40. Why did Hitler and Mussolini create the Axis alliance?
a. They wanted to control Asia.
b. They wanted to control Africa.
c. They wanted to control Europe.
d. They wanted to control the United States.
41. What was a common occupation for many black soldiers in Europe?
a. They were often a part of the transportation corps, delivering supplies to soldiers at the front lines.
b. They were only responsible for digging trenches and setting up temporary quarters for white soldiers.
c. They were rarely put in any position of danger during the war.
d. No African Americans were sent to Europe because they were thought to be lazy and cowardly.
42. What did Mabel K. Staupers fight against during the war?
a. She fought against the ban of women in combat roles.
b. She tried to halt discrimination against black men in combat roles.
c. She fought against quotas for black nurses in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps.
d. She fought against the lynching of black soldiers.
43. What did Done Miller's actions during Pearl Harbor illustrate about blacks in the military?
a. They completely confirmed white racist attitudes.
b. Since Miller was the first man to perish at Pearl Harbor, he became an instant hero.
c. Miller received the Navy Cross for heroism but was immediately returned to mess duty.
d. Miller's action showed that the 1925 American War College study was correct.
44. Why did the federal government issue a wartime poster showcasing Done Miller?
a. He had passed the entrance exam into the U.S. Navy.
b. He had decided to join the U.S. Army.
c. He had defended sailors at the battle of Pearl Harbor.
d. He had attacked white sailors on board a U.S. destroyer.
45. What was a difference between German POWs' treatment in camps and the treatment of African Americans in the military?
a. Germans often received worse treatment than blacks.
b. Germans were more restricted in their ability to move about the camps.
c. Germans were white and therefore received better treatment by whites than African-American soldiers dia.
d. Germans could periodically return to Germany and come back.
46. Why were the Tuskegee Airmen the most visible group of black soldiers?
a. They were a group of Native American code talkers in the Air Force.
b. They were a group of German prisoners of war who flew planes for the U.S.
c. They were an all-black unit of Air Force pilots and had black officers.
d. They refused to serve in the war because of racism and discrimination.
47. In 1942 blacks formed what civil rights organization?
a. the NAACP
b. SNCC
c. CORE
d. the Urban League
48. How did labor opportunities change for black women during World War II?
a. They did not-black women continued to be employed only in domestic work.
b. Black women were able to move into high-level clerical jobs because white women were employed elsewhere.
c. Many women were able to move from domestic service jobs to industrial work.
d. Black women began to take over male barbershops when black men left for the war.
49. Why did the Detroit Race Riot take place in 1943?
a. disputes over employment and housing conditions
b. anger over the brutality of the police towards whites
c. a fight over segregation of Detroit's race track
d. anger over a dramatic rise in the price of food
50. What was the Cold War?
a. the armed conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in Siberia after World War II
b. an ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union
c. another name for the Korean War during the early 1950s
d. the war against segregation in the United States
51. What statement did Paul Robeson make that infuriated anticommunists in the United States?
a. Robeson advocated that all blacks move immediately to the Soviet Union.
b. Robeson declared that he would not be drafted to fight in the Cold War.
c. Robeson could not understand why blacks should fight for a country that denied them civil rights.
d. Robeson made public comments stating that he thought HUAC had been infiltrated by communists.
52. What did Executive Order 9981 do?
a. It forbade discrimination by race in defense industries.
b. It forbade discrimination by gender in the armed forces.
c. It officially desegregated the armed forces.
d. It forbade discrimination by race or gender in defense industries.
53. What point did W.E.B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche agree on regarding Africa?
a. Africa should come under American control for its benefit.
b. Blacks should migrate to Africa to gain more civil and political rights.
c. African nations should be free from colonial control.
d. Africa should serve as a model for race relations in the United States.
54. In what area did Du Bois think the NAACP should focus after World War II?
a. toward economic gains for blacks
b. toward winning independence for African nations
c. toward desegregating the armed forces
d. toward winning rights for black women in the South
55. How did the Cold War impact African Americans in world affairs?
a. It expanded the level of segregation in the United States.
b. It expanded the number of race riots taking place in the United States.
c. It prevented an expansion of the role of blacks in the international arena.
d. It gave new importance to the voices of blacks in the international arena.
56. What amendment did the NAACP claim southern states were violating when they lacked black graduate education facilities or refused admittance to blacks?
a. the First Amendment
b. the Tenth Amendment
c. the Fourteenth Amendment
d. the Twenty-First Amendment
57. What did the Supreme Court decide in Sweatt v. Painter?
a. Blacks had no right to be admitted to white law schools if the school had a separate facility of any kind.
b. Sweatt had to be admitted to the main law school, not simply given space in the basement of the university.
c. Elementary education should not be segregated, as it had a negative effect on young schoolchildren and promoted racism.
d. The NAACP had no right to fund the legal education of black students at white schools.
58. What was the result of the Brown case?
a. The court declared that separate educations for blacks and whites were not equal, therefore overturning the Plessy case.
b. Blacks were once again denied a right to equal educational opportunities.
c. The Supreme Court agreed that segregation was bad but refused to issue a decision in the matter.
d. All educational facilities, both private and public, had to be desegregated immediately.
59. What effect did the lynching of Emmett Till have on young black Americans?
a. It frightened many. Young people would take only a small role in the civil rights movement because of their fear.
b. It made many young black men turn to violence, crime, and terrorism.
c. Because Till had been a war hero, many young blacks enlisted in the army.
d. It infuriated many of them and caused them to fight its ever happening again.
60. What provoked whites in Money, Mississippi, to lynch Emmett Till?
a. Till attempted to register to vote in rural Georgia.
b. Till raped a white woman in a large southern city.
c. He breached social etiquette-the boy called a white woman "Baby."
d. Till was married to a white woman and had several children in the North with her.
61. What event sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
a. the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
b. a dispute over police brutality in the city
c. the violence against black men on the buses
d. the arrest of Rosa Parks, a civil rights activist
62. Who was chosen to lead the new Montgomery Improvement Association?
a. E. D. Nixon
b. Rosa Parks
c. Martin Luther King, Jr.
d. Jo Ann Robinson
63. How did the boycott affect the bus system?
a. It did not-whites were able to compensate by riding the buses more regularly.
b. The marches and protests completely disrupted the bus routes.
c. It had a dramatic effect-it reduced bus ridership by 65 percent.
d. It affected the bus system slightly, but it was the lawsuit that was the most effective.
64. Because he was perceived as a communist, whom did the FBI stop warning after uncovering threats to his life?
a. Bayard Rustin
b. Marcus Garvey
c. W.E.B. Du Bois
d. Martin Luther King, Jr.
65. What group did Martin Luther King, Jr., form to continue the civil rights struggle begun with the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
a. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
b. Montgomery Bus Boycott League
c. Southern Christian Leadership Council
d. Congress of Racial Equality
66. What tactic did college students begin to employ beginning in 1960?
a. the protest bombing
b. the boycott
c. the musical concert benefit
d. the sit-in
67. How did whites in Alabama react to the Freedom Riders passing through their state?
a. They paid little attention because the riders were peaceful and made no trouble.
b. They reacted violently, bombing the buses and beating the riders and bystanders.
c. They generally supported the black students, as long as they were peaceful and quiet.
d. They overwhelmingly supported the students with donations of food, clothes, and money.
68. Why did the SCLC object to the tactics and methods of SNCC?
a. They thought that SNCC was too conservative in accepting segregation.
b. They wanted the students to work solely on issues for younger children.
c. They thought that SNCC was too radical and disrupted race relations.
d. They wanted less control of the movement.
69. Early in his administration, how did John F. Kennedy aid the cause of civil rights?
a. He appointed numerous blacks to important administrative positions.
b. He allowed his brother to put force into the Justice Department's civil rights litigation.
c. He required government agencies to stop discrimination in federally supported housing.
d. He eliminated segregation in the military, the postal service, and the federal marshal office.
70. How is King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" an example of a strategic turning point in the civil rights movement?
a. He justified the use of direct action as a way to force change to unjust laws.
b. He justified the use of violence in civil rights organizing.
c. He revealed he was converting from Christianity to the Muslim faith.
d. He foreshadowed his own assassination, noting that he was ready to die for his cause.
71. To what religion or denomination did Malcolm Little convert while in prison?
a. Baptist
b. African Episcopalian Methodist
c. Nation of Islam
d. the Peace Mission Movement
72. What types of programs did the Black Panthers start in urban areas?
a. programs to increase the prison inmate population
b. programs to educate people about the importance of experimenting with drugs
c. programs to instill racial pride
d. programs to educate blacks about white history
73. What sparked the uprising at Attica Prison in New York?
a. the murder of a black prison guard by white inmates
b. the rape of a white prison nurse by a black inmate
c. George Jackson's killing by a white prison guard
d. the revelation that a leader of the prison inmates was an FBI informant
74. What was Malcolm X's view before 1964 about changing black people's status in America?
a. He thought that police did not abuse black people.
b. He rejected integration with whites in any fashion.
c. He felt that real revolution would come only through peace with whites.
d. He hoped to work with the NAACP and Martin Luther King, Jr., to effect change.
75. How did Malcolm X's views change after his visit to Mecca in 1964?
a. He began to favor segregation and subordination for blacks.
b. He renounced his former view that all whites were evil and racist.
c. He began speaking for the use of violence and force to overcome racism.
d. He began to insist that all blacks move to Africa.
76. How did Stokely Carmichael change SNCC around 1965?
a. He expelled all white members.
b. He began to admit whites.
c. He forced all members to renounce nonviolence and Christianity.
d. He set age limits on group members to allow only college-age students to be members.
77. What did Carmichael say that the slogan "Black Power" meant?
a. reverse discrimination, favoring blacks over whites in all areas and by any means necessary
b. positive self-identity, racial pride, and independent economic and political power
c. the removal of segregation
d. Carmichael never really defined "Black Power."
78. Why did the Black Panthers alarm white Americans?
a. They advocated self-defense and frequently patrolled black neighborhoods with guns.
b. They were stressing a return to segregation, which had become unpopular.
c. , They advocated violence against all whites, regardless of political views.
d. They hoped to move all African Americans to Africa, thereby removing an important part of the labor force.
79. What was a primary complaint among black communities that experienced riots from 1965 to 1969?
a. charges of black men raping white women
b. charges of police brutality or unfair, discriminatory practices
c. charges that blacks had been trying to exercise political power
d. charges that food prices were too low in black neighborhoods.
80. What problem did the Kerner Commission blame for the riots of 1967?
a. unfair drafting practices in the U.S. Army
b. widespread hunger among African Americans
c. blacks attempting to make too many gains too fast
d. white racism and the unequal treatment of blacks by whites
81. What were conditions like for most urban blacks during the 1960s?
a. Economically, most blacks were far worse off than white Americans.
b. Most urban blacks were gaining in status and prestige at the time.
c. Most urban blacks were doing far better than urban whites at the time.
d. Urban blacks and urban whites were at about the same economic level.
82. How did President Johnson respond to the riots in the summer of 1967?
a. He began drafting more black men from those areas for the war.
b. He ignored the riots and hoped that they would die down in the future.
c. He established a commission to investigate the conflicts and arrive at solutions.
d. He declared martial law in large urban areas for the summer and restored the peace.
83. Who murdered Martin Luther King, Jr.?
a. Don L. Lee
b. Richard Daly
c. Louis Farrakhan
d. James Earl Ray
84. Why did King begin plans for the Poor People's Campaign in 1967?
a. After working briefly in Chicago, he realized that racial discrimination and economics were closely linked.
b. His advisors notified him that he was losing support among poor people in the cities because he had done little to help their economic situation.
c. The Poor People's Campaign was actually a program initiated by Lyndon Johnson.
d. King hoped to gain the support of the poor when he ran for president in 1968.
85. Who was the "Godfather of Soul"?
a. Berry Gordy
b. Chuck Berry
c. Miles Davis
d. James Brown
86. Who was often considered the most popular black writer of the black arts movement?
a. Leroy Jones
b. Richard Wright
c. James Baldwin
d. Martin Luther King, Jr.
89. Why was Berry Gordy significant in black music and life?
a. He was the first black presidential candidate and founded Motown.
b. He contributed to the civil rights movement through the production of black music and by financing important ventures.
c. He helped to stop Detroit race riots, both in 1957 and 1967, by appealing to the black community and police to avoid violence.
d. He was the primary politician behind the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
90. Who became the first black mayor of a major American city in 1967?
a. Vernon Jordan of Jackson
b. Richard Daley of New York City
c. Carl Stokes of Cleveland
d. Martin Luther King of Atlanta
91. How is Ernest Green an example of a successful black civil rights activist during the era?
a. He was a rioter in the late 1960s who reformed and became a nonviolent activist.
b. He was a Baptist minister who defied southern segregationists and lynch mobs on many occasions.
c. He was a Little Rock Nine student who became the assistant secretary of labor under President Carter.
d. He was a veteran of World War H who founded many chapters of the NAACP throughout the South.
92. Under what president did the poverty rate for blacks drop (between 1990 and 2000)?
a. George H.W. Bush
b. Bill Clinton
c. George H. Bush
d. Albert Gore
93. How is Oprah Winfrey an example of black success in the twenty-first century?
a. Her writing career has made her the most highly acclaimed writer in the world.
b. Her acting career has made her the most highly acclaimed performer in the world.
c. Her singing career has made her the most successful black musician in the world.
d. Her media empire has made her the richest African-American woman in the world.
94. How does the career of Reginald Lewis reflect the opportunities open to blacks in industry during the late twentieth century?
a. He used a Yale business degree to sell diamond mines in Asia.
b. He used a Stanford medical degree to expand health care in Africa.
c. He used a Harvard law degree to help him buy big corporations.
d. He used a UC Davis history degree to write books on black history.
95. The death of what tennis star pushed the black community into action against the HIV/AIDS virus?
a. Bjorn Borg
b. Arthur Ashe
c. Monica Sellers
d. Serena Williams
96. Alice Walker's The Color Purple received which of the following prizes?
a. the Bancroft Prize
b. the Pulitzer Prize
c. the African Prize
d. the Nobel Prize
97. Why have some blacks criticized gangsta rap?
a. It is generally too loud and damages the eardrums of children.
b. Its lyrics are often anti-women, violent, and offensive.
c. It advocates having blacks in subordinate positions in society.
d. It is generally copies other musicians' creative efforts.
98. Grandmaster Flash is credited with creating what techniques in rap music?
a. Flash was notorious for simply copying other rappers' styles.
b. Flash began the rap music tradition of using female backup singers.
c. Flash began the use of "scratching" and manipulating turntable speeds.
d. He is generally credited with beginning the inner city style known as "gangsta rap."
99. The impact of rap music popularized which musical term and genre?
a. bebop
b. hip-hop
c. classical
d. ragtime
100. What is the connection between the Vatican, slavery, and African-American history?
a. No discernible connection exists.
b. Pope John Paul II apologized for the role of the Catholic Church in slavery.
c. Pope John Paul II apologized for the role of the Catholic Church in World War II.
d. Pope John Paul II apologized for the role of the Catholic Church in priest abuse of children.