Problem 1: As we know, the X and Y chromosomes are very different. However, it is mentioned that the X and Y chromosomes were once the same. What might have caused them to change? When did the X and Y chromosomes we see today diverge?
Problem 2: How does sex differentiation occur in organisms with X and Y chromosomes? How does sex differentiation differ in organisms that have Z and W chromosomes?
Problem 3: Hermaphroditism is when an organism possesses the ability to produce both male and female gametes. Clownfish and blue-banded gobies are two examples of organisms that can transition to the opposite sex. What are some evolutionary advantages of this sex differentiation mechanism?