HISTORY & GOVERNMENT
History & Government Paper 1
SECTION A
1. Give two ways in which archaeologists identify a pre-historic site.
(i) Existence of a collection of artefacts/tectonic forces/erosion.
(ii) Evidence of burial sites/cultivation/construction/fossils.
(iii) Evidence of ruins of settlements/vision.
(iv) Evidence of art/ paintings.
(v) Historical research and documentation.
(vi) Use of experience and skill.
2. Identify one natural factor that caused the Abagusii to migrate from Mount Elgon region to their present homeland.
(i) Due to famine.
(ii) Due to disease.
(iii) Due to drought.
3. State the main factor that contributed to the growth of city-states along the Kenya coast before 1500 AD. Trade between the Coast and the outside world.
4. Give one way in which the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages facilitated
the spread of Christianity in Kenya.
(i) The local people could read the Bible.
(ii) It created better understanding of the teaching of the Bible.
(iii) More Africans could identify themselves with Christianity.
5. Give one economic responsibility of a Kenyan citizen.
(i) Participating in development activities.
(ii) Paying taxes.
(iii) Engaging in income generation.
(iv) Protecting the environment.
(v) Fighting corruption.
6. Give one economic factor that promotes national unity in Kenya.
(i) Equitable distribution of resources.
(ii) Commercial interaction/ trade.
(iii) Equal employment opportunities.
(iv) Use of a common currency.
7. Identify one way in which elders resolve conflicts in the community.
(i) through arbitration.
(ii) through mediation.
(iii) through conciliation/reconciliation.
(iv) negotiation.
8. State two similar grievances of the Taita Hills Association and the Ukamba Members
Association to the colonial government.
(i) They resented land alienation by the White settlers.
(ii) They were against destocking order by the government.
(iii) They protested forced labour.
(iv) They were against taxation.
9. Outline two ways in which the ex-soldiers of the second world war contributed to the
struggle for independence in Kenya.
(i) They were instrumental in the formation of the Mau Mau movement.
(ii) They trained freedom fighters in war tactics.
(iii) They waged armed struggle against the colonial government.
(iv) They made weapons used in the struggle.
(v) They dispelled the myth of European supremacy.
10. What was the main contribution of Prof. Wangari Maathai to the development of Kenya?
Environmental conservation/ Tree planting.
11. State two functions of the supreme court in Kenya.
(i) To hear/ determine disputes relating to the election of the President of Kenya.
(ii) To hear/ determine appeals from the Court of Appeal/ other courts/ tribunals.
(iii) To give an advisory opinion concerning County Governments.
(iv) To handle any case/ issue which has to do with the interpretation/ application of the constitution.
(v) To review the certification made by the Court of Appeal on a mailer of general public importance.
(vi) To make rules for the exercise of its jurisdiction.
12. State two qualifications that a person must fulfil in order to be allowed to register as a voter in Kenya.
(i) Must be a Kenyan citizen.
(ii) Must be 18 years old or above.
(iii) Must be of sound mind.
(iv) Not been convicted of an election offence during the period preceding 5 years.
13. State two functions of the Secretary to the cabinet in Kenya.
(i) Keeps minutes of the cabinet.
(ii) Keeps minutes of the cabinet.
(iii) Arranging the business of the cabinet/Agenda.
(iv) Convey decisions of the cabinet to appropriate authorities/ persons.
(v) Executes directives of the cabinet.
14. Name the two branches of National Police Service in Kenya.
(i) The Kenya Police Service.
(ii) The Administration Police Service.
15. Give one reason for the adoption of Harambee strategy in Kenya after independence.
(i) To pool the scarce resources together.
(ii) To eradicate poverty among the people.
(iii) To promote unity among the people.
16. Identify two types of land ownership in Kenya.
(i) Public land.
(ii) Community land.
(iii) Private land.
17. Give the main function of the commission on Revenue Allocation in Kenya.
To ensure equitable sharing of revenue between National and County governments/ among
County governments.
SECTION B
18. (a) Identify the three Luo groups which migrated into Kenya during the pre-colonial period.
(i) Joka - Jok
(ii) Joka - Owiny
(iii) Joka - Omolo.
(b) Describe the political organization of the Luo during the pre-colonial period.
(i) The family was the lowest unit and its head was the father who was referred to as Jaduong'.
(ii) Several related families formed a clan.
(iii) There were lineage councils (Buch Dhoot) which settled domestic issues.
(iv) A council of elders existed in the clan which was responsible for settling inter- family disputes called Doho.
(v) Clans were grouped together to form Oganda headed by a chief elder (Ruoth/ Gweng').
(vi) There existed a council of elders (Buch Piny) which comprised of representatives from each clan and mainly settled inter-clan disputes.
(vii) There was a class of warriors (Thuondi) headed by a war leader (Osumba Mrwayi) and its main responsibility was to defend the community.
(viii) The Luo was a decentralized community as they did not have an overall leader.
(viii) Religious leaders eg. diviners, medicinemen. healers. rainmakers etc influencedtheir politics.
19. (a) State three methods used by the British to establish colonial rule in Kenya.
(i) They used military force.
(ii) They signed treaties/ agreement with some African rulers/ collaboration/
diplomacy.
(iii) They used divide and rule tactics.
(iv) They lured Africans with gifts/ presents/treachery.
(v) They established bases of operation/company rule.
(b) Explain six problems experienced by the Imperial British East Africa Company in Kenya.
(i) There was scarcity of mineral wealth and profitable export commodities which made it difficult for the company to generate enough wealth to meet the cost of administration.
(ii) There was poor transport network which made movement of goods slow! difficult? expensive thereby making the enterprise less profitable.
(iii) There was lack of proper co-ordination between the company headquarters in Britain and the officials in Kenya hence delaysl waste and misunderstandings.
(iv) The company officials lacked the experience which was necessary for the
success of the administration in the protectorate.
(v) Some of the company officials were comupt and therefore concentrated on their
personal enrichment at the expense of the enterprise.
personal enrichment at the expense of the enterprise.
(vi) Resistance from the local communities posed a great challenge to the company
as it had to administer and at the same time suppress the communities.
(vii) There was inadequate capital to carry out its operations thus making the
administration of the protectorate ineffective.
(viii) Unfavourable climatic conditions/ tropical diseases claimed lives of some of the company personnel.
(ix) Lack of enough personnel.
(x) Rivalry from German East Africa affected its operations.
20. (a) Give reasons why Africans were put in reserves during the colonial period.
(i) To create a pool of African labour for settler farming/ Europeans/ public works.
(ii) To avail land/ create space for white settlement.
(iii) To restrict the movement of Africans.
(iv) For easy control/ monitoring of African activities.
(v) For easy control of African nationalism.
(b) Explain six problems faced by Africans working for the European settlers during
the colonial period.
(i) They were paid low wages which could hardly meet their expenses thereby
making them lead squalor/ impoverished lives.
(ii) The living conditions were poor as they were crowded in residential houses with
inadequate sanitation.
(iii) The working conditions were very difiicult as they were sometimes mistreated!
whipped.
(iv) They were subjected to long working hours without compensation which made
them develop negative attitude towards work.
(v) They were forced to pay taxes despite their poor remuneration/ low wages.
(vi) There were inadequate social amenities/ schools/ health facilities to cope with
the large number of workers.
(vii) They were despised on the basis of their colour/ race and this lowered their
dignity.
(viii) They were not allowed to form workers' union as the settlers feared that they
would incite/ organize strikes against them.
(ix) They were provided with inadequate food rations which led to malnutrition.
21. (a) State three challenges that have contributed to high illiteracy levels in Kenya since
independence.
(i) Traditional/ cultural beliefs in some communities discourage people from
schooling.
(ii) Lack of schools/ inadequate educational facilities has made education
inaccessible in some regions.
(iii) High poverty levels in the society has made education unaffordable.
(iv) Misconceptions that one can succeed without education.
(v) Nomadic way of life in some communities has hampered provision of education.
(vi) Negative attitude towards adult education programmes has resulted in low
enrolment.
(vii) Insecurity in some regions eg. Kapendo, Baragoi, Tana River etc.
(b) Discuss six factors that have facilitated industrialisation in Kenya since independence.
(i) The availability of modern sources of energy has enabled the establishment of
more industries which process different products.
(ii) Availability of both skilled/ unskilled labour from large population provides the
work force required in industries.
(iii) Good transport and communication infrastructure has created a viable
environment for industrial development as the products can be transported with
ease.
(iv) The rich agricultural country provides raw materials required in the processing
of various products.
(v) The existence of mineral resources has given rise to industries which process them into finished products.
(vi) The existence of both natural and man-made forests has promoted the
development of furniture industries in many parts of the country.
(vii) Availability of varied tourist attractions in the country has promoted tourism as
many local and international tourists visit the countryside.
(viii) Availability of water resources rich in fish has given rise to fish processing
industries in the country.
(ix) Government initiative through creation of ministries of trade, commerce and industry offering technical and financial aid/support.
SECTION C
22. (a) State ifve decisions reached after the first Lancaster House conference or 1960.
(i) Maintenance of the 12 elective seats in the LegCo.
(ii) Composition of the Council of Ministers was to be changed to include 4
Africans, 3 Europeans and 1 Asian.
(iii) There were to be 33 open seats in the LegCo, which were to be contested/ vied
for on a common roll.439
(iv) 20 seats would be reserved that is 10 for Europeans, 8 for Asians and 2 for
Africans.
(v) Formation of countrywide political parties e.g. KANU and KADU was allowed.
(vi) The state of emergency was lifted.
(vii) A Bill of Rights would be included in the Constitution.
(b) Desribe five main features of the Consititution of Kenya.
(i) It vests sovereign power on the people of Kenya who can exercise it directly or through their representatives.
(ii) It contains a comprehensive Bill of Rights which has been expanded to include
socio-economic and cultural rights as well as group rights.
(iii) It spells out national values and principles of governance which guides/ binds all
people / institutions.
(iv) It contains affirmative action for women! the youth? persons with disabilities?
marginalised communities as it protects them from all forms of discrimination.
(v) It defines the powers of the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary as it provides
for checks? balances in governance.
(vi) It provides a mechanism for its implementation by creating specific organs for
that purpose.
(vii) It has provision for transitional requirements that ensure a smooth transition of government.
(viii) It provides stringent amendment procedures in order to safeguard peoples' interests.
(ix) It provides for devolved government by creating forty seven counties.
(x) Citizenship - it describes what citizens are entitled to eg. acquisition and revocation of citizenship.
(xi) It outlines the principles of Land Policy and classification.
(xii) Leadership and Intergrity - it states the responsibilities, conduct and restrictionon activities of state officers.
(xiii) National security - it establishes 3 national security organs ie. Kenya DefenceForces, National Intelligence Service and National Police Service.
(xiii) National security - it establishes 3 national security organs ie. Kenya Defence Forces, National Intelligence Service and National Police Service.
(xiv) It establishes a Bicameral Legislature composed of the National Assembly and the Sanate.
(xv) It creates an independent Judiciary composed of a system of courts with superior and subordinate courts.
(xvi) It provides for a Public Service which stipulates the values and principles of professional ethics and accountability.
23. (a) Give five reasons why human rights are important.
(i) They give the general public access to information necessary for protection of democracy and accountability.
(ii) They ssist in achieving adignified life which respects Iwnnnn needs.
(iii) They guide organs of state on the exercise of state power.
(iv) They provide basis for granting special treatment to Persons with special needs.
(v) when respected. these rights reduce conflicts and enhance national integration.
(v) They empower citizens by giving them control in decision making organs of the
state.
(vi) Rights are inherent to human beings since one has rights because they are
human.
(b) Explain five functions of the Kenya National Commissions on Human Rights.
(i) To protect respect for human rights/ develop a culture of human rights in the
country.
(ii) To receive complaints about alleged abuses of human rights from the citizens.
(iii) To monitor/ investigate on the observance of human rights in the country and
take appropriate action.
(iv) To provide a shadow report to the United Nations on the status of observance of
human rights in the country.
(v) To formulate/ implement programmes intended to create public awareness of the
rights/ obligations of citizens.
(vi) To ensure that the country complies with international treaties/ conventions
regarding human rights.
(vii) To work with the National Gender and Equality Commission and Commission
on Administrative Justice to ensure efficiency/ effectiveness! complementarity in
their activities.
(viii) To make recommendations to the state to improve the functioning of the state
organs.
24. (a) State five qualitfications of a presidential candidate in Kenya.
(i) Be of sound mind.
(ii) A Kenyan citizen by birth.
(iii) Not have served for more than 2 consecutive terms as president.
(iv) Nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate.
(v) Nominated by at least 2000 voters from each of majority of counties.
(vi) Not have been declared bankrupt by a court of law.
(vii) Abide by the requirements of chapter 6 of the constitution on integrity.
(viii) Must be a registered voter.
(ix) Be qualified to stand for election as an MP.
(x) Does not owe allegiance to a foreign state.
(b) Explain five functions of the National Assembly in Kenya.
(i) It makes laws that govern the country so as to ensure smooth running of the
country.
(ii) It determines the allocation of public revenue to all government sectors in order
to promote development.
(iii) It approves funds for expenditure by the national government to ensure
provision of services.
(iv) It exercises oversight over public revenue and expenditure thereby promoting
accountability/ transparency.
(v) To review the conduct in office of the executive in order to check excesses in
government.
(vi) To approve appointments made by the president to ensure merit/
professionalism/ integrity of the appointees.
(vii) To approve declaration of war and extension of states of emergency.
(viii) It represents peoples' interests through their elected members of parliament.
(ix) Oversight of state organs i.e. it supervises and checks state organs ensuring
proper and accountable handling of duties.
4.8.2 History & Government Paper 2
SECTION A
1. Give two methods used by elders to pass information to the young generation on History
and Government in the traditional African communities.
(i) Through proverbs;
(ii) Through legends;
(iii) Through stories/folktales/narratives;
(iv) Through songs/poems;
(v) Through riddles;
(vi) Through myths;
(vii) Dances.
2. State two disadvantages of using caves as shelters by the early human beings during the stone age period.
(i) The caves could collapse over them.
(ii) Wild creatures could bite them/animals.
(iii) Human enemies could easily attack them.
(iv) Caves were exposed to floods/wind/cold.
3. State two negative effects of the land enclosure system in Britain during the 18th Century.
(i) It displaced the poor people/landlessness;
(ii) It forced the poor people to migrate to urban centres;
(iii) It increased pauperism/poverty in Europe;
(iv) It created immigrants to other parts of the world.
4. Give the main reason why the camel was preferred as the means of transport during the
Trans- Saharan Trade.
- It could withstand harsh desert conditions.
5. Outline one role that was played by the middlemen during the Trans-Atlantic Trade.
(i) They transported goods to and from the interior/porters.
(ii) They obtained goods in the interior.
(iii) They exchanged/traded with European traders at the coast.
6. Give two benefits or the development of the railway transport in Europe during the 19th
century.
(i) Goods could be transported with ease.
(ii) It enabled trade to expand.
(iii) It led to the development of urban centres/towns.
(iv) It promoted industrialization.
(v) It created employment opportunities.
(vi) It eased the movement of people.
(vii) It was a source of government revenue.
(viii) It led to exploitation of natural resources such as mining, fisheries and forests.
7.State two advantages of using fire and smoke signaLs to pass messages in traditional societies.
(i) Messages could only be understood by the communities using them/ messages were
limited to the users.
(ii) They conveyed messages faster.
(iii) It was a cheaper method of sending messages.
(iv) Messages could reach many people/visibility.
8. State two ways in which the growth of the city of Cairo was influenced by the River Nile.
(i) It was used for transport.
(ii) It provided water for domestic/industrial use.
(iii) The Nile Valley was fertile/agriculture.
9. Identify one symbol of unity in the Shona kingdom during the pre-colonial period.
(i) Mwene Mutapa/king/emperor.
(ii) The Royal fire.
10. State one way in which the acquisition of firearms enabled the king of Buganda to expand during the pre-colonial period.
(i) They were used to conquer/suppress neighbouring kingdoms/enemies.
(ii) To protect the kingdom. 11. Name the leader of the Lozi who collaborated with the British in the late 19th Century. 12. Identify two European activities in Africa during the 19th Century.
(i) trading/legitimate trade;
(ii) spreading Christianity;
(iii) exploring;
(iv) establishing settlements;
(v) establishing colonial rule/colonization.
(vi) establishing Western education.
(vii) establishing health facilities.
(viii) mining.
(ix) Agricultural activities.
(x) stopping slave trade and slavery. 13. Outline two similar methods used to recruit African labour in the British and French colonies in Africa.
(i) Imposition of taxes on Africans;
(ii) They used chiefs to recruit labour;
(iii) They introduced forced labour.
14. State one economic problem that was experienced by the British colonialists in Nigeria.
(i) They lacked adequate funds;
(ii) Poor transport/communication undermined their work;
(iii) They lacked adequate skilled labour.
15. Name the political party that led Ghana to independence from Britain in 1957.
- The Convention People's Party (C.P.P.)
16. Name the country that was blamed for the outbreak of the First World War.
- Germany.
17. Give the main reason why the United States of America adopted the Marshall Plan after the Second World War.
- In order to influence many countries adopt capitalist ideology/economic recovery in Europe.
SECTION B
18. (a) State three characteristics of microlithic tools used during the Late Stone Age Period.
(i) They were small in size;
(ii) they were more efficient:
(iii) They were crafted/fitted with handles:
(iv) They were used to perform multiple tasks;
(v) They were sharp.
(b) Explain six challenges faced by early humans in hunting and gathering activities.
(i) Attacks/injuries by animals discouraged them as it posed threats to their lives.
(ii) Scarcity of animals/fruits in some cases denied them regular supply of food / calamities.
(iii) Unfavourable weather conditions made it difficult to carry out the activities.
(iv) Locating animals/fruits was difficult as it would involve combing large areas.
(v) It was time consuming as it involved chasing the animals for long distances.
(vi) Many people were required for the success of the activities.
(vii) It was tedious as animals ran faster than human beings/wild fruits /roots could be found in far off areas.
(viii) Poisonous fruits/roots could be gathered leading to loss of life.
(ix) Stiff competition with wild animals/ among human beings for food.
19. (a) Give three uses of electricity in Europe during the 19th Century.
(i) Driving machines in factories;
(ii) Providing light;
(iii) Heating/cooking;
(iv) Powering locomotives/trains;
(v) Powering communication gadgets.
(b) Explain six factors which promoted industrial development in India.
(i) The existence of mineral resources which were used as raw materials to establish industries.
(ii) The existence of cottage industries/industrial base laid the foundation for
industrial development as people had acquired relevant skills.
(iii) The availability of funds/loans provided by foreign governments enabled the country to set up industries.
Provision of technicallscientific education emphasized by the govemnment
produced skilled labour required in the industries.
(v) Good transport/communication system made transportation of goods/services
easier/cheaper thereby encouraging investment.
(vi) The availability of various sources of energy required enabled the establishment
of more industries.
(vii) The provision of credit facilities/loans to local investors facilitated expansion of
industries.
(viii) The development plans adopted by the government emphasised industrialization
thereby giving impetus to the sector.
(ix) Political stability in the country gave people confidence to mvest in industries.
(x) Availability of market for industrial goods provided by the large population
encouraged more people to venture into industrialization.
(xi) Protective tariffs were applied in order to protect the local industries from unfair
competition thereby promoting growth of industries.
(xii) Availability of external markets/trade.
(xiii) India's large population which provided unskilled labour.
20. (a) Outline three reasons why the policy of assimilation was easily applied in the four
communes of Senegal.
(i) The people had earlier interacted with the Europeans.
(ii) They had inter-married with the Europeans.
(iii) Most of the people were Christians.
(iv) People were exposed to the outside world due to the proximity to the Coast.
(v) People were detribalised/of mixed origin/mulatoes.
(vi) People in the communes had learnt how to speak French.
(b) Explain six effects of the British direct rule in Zimbabwe.
(i) Africans lost large tracts of land to the White settlers thereby straining relations
between the two groups.
(ii) Introduction of forced labour as the White settlers required cheap labour in their
farms.
(iii) Formation of African Nationalist movements to address their grievances against
White domination.
(iv) Loss of power by traditional rulers as the British appointed their own
administrators who ruled the people directly.
(v) Imposition of taxes on Africans inorder to force them to provide labour to the
Whites so as to raise money.
(vi) Africans were exposed to deplorable working conditions which exposed them to
risks.
(vii) Introduction of pass laws which restricted the movement of Africans.
(viii) Africans were confined into reserves thereby creating room for Europeansettlement.
(ix) Exploitation of mineral resources/agricultural resources for the benefit of the colonial government at the expense of African development.
(x) Loss of independence by Africans as they were subjected to British colonial rule.
(xi) It undermined African culture/introduction of Western education/Christianity
and separation of families.
(xii) Africans were subjected to racial segregation.
(xiii) It led to the development of transport and communication network.
(xiv) Africans were subjected to poverty and suffering.
21. (a) State three political causes of instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo between 1960-1965.
(i) Tribalism/ethnic differences created conflicts among communities.
(ii) Domination of public service/army by the Belgians/foreigners
(iii) Kasai/Katanga secession from the rest of the country.
(iv) The assassination of Patrice Lumumba.
(v) Ideological differences between leaders divided the country.
(vi) The army mutiny.
(vii) Military coup in 1965 by Mobutu Sese Seko.
(viii) Dictatorship.
(ix) Interference by the UNO in the internal affairs of the Congo.
(b) Describe six social developments that have taken place in Tanzania since independence.
(i) The establishment of more schools/colleges/universities has enabled many people to access education.
(ii) The introduction of free universal primary education has reduced illiteracy
levels among the people.(iii) Education system geared towards promoting socialism ideals has created an egalitarianlselfless society thus promoting equity.
(iv) Improvement of health through the expansion/establishment of more health facilities/hospitals/dispensaries thereby promoting quality of life.
(v) Social cohesion/unity of diverse elements has been promoted by the socialist ideology (Ujamaa) thereby creating a more stable society.
(vi) Kiswahili has been made the national language and given more emphasis in the education system thereby breaking communication barriers/promoting
interaction among the people.
(vii) Theatre and sports have been promoted through the establishment of sporting facilities.
(viii) Promotion of African cultural values leading to preservation of African heritage.
(ix) The country guarantees freedom of worship.
(x) The role of women in society was greatly appreciated eg. in educational
opportunities, senior positions in government and in party leadership.
22. Identify five main organs of the United Nations.
(i) The General Assembly;
(ii) The Security Council;
(iii) The Secretariat;
(iv) The International Court of Justice;
(v) The Economic and Social Council;
(vi) The Trusteeship Council.
(b) Explain five ways through which the United Nation promotes peace in the World.
(i) It sends peace-keeping missions to conflict areas inorder to enforce ceasefire!
prevent further confrontation.
(ii) It uses envoys to mediate disputes between warring groups so as to find amicable
solutions to problems.
(iii) It hears cases through the International Court of Justice between states/
individuals with a view of administering justice.
(iv) It imposes sanctions against states that defy its resolutions in order to force them
to comply.
(v) It uses peace messengers to sensitize people on importance of peace/encourage
peaceful co-existence.
(vi) It encourages disarmament by signing arms control treaties/agreements with a
view of reducing tension/suspicion between states.
(vii) It promotes human rights/freedoms by enforcing international laws which
protect people against abuse.
(viii) It provides humanitarian assistance to the needy by giving them protection/basic
needs.
(ix) It promotes democracy and good governance in countries by providing electoral
assistance/sending observers to monitor elections in order to ensure fairness/
credibility.
(x) It condemns all forms of terrorism/putting in place mechanism of combating it
through international agreements.
23.State five functions of the Commission of the African Union.
(i) It implements the decision of the union;
(ii) It co-ordinates African Union activities/meetings;
(iii) It receives application for membership;
(iv) It performs administrative functions of the A.U.;
(v) It makes/initiates proposals to other organs.
(b) Discuss five achievements of the Pan-African movements.
(i) It promoted African nationalism by encouraging Africans to unite against
colonial injustices.
(ii) It restored African dignity/confidence by demanding respect for African values.
(iii) It led to the formation of Organization of African Union.
(iv) It condemned/mobilized people to protest against European colonization/
domination of Africans eg. Mussolini in Ethiopia in 1935.
(v) It made Africans aware of their status in society thereby encouraging them to
struggle for their rights.
(vi) It created a sense of unity among people of African descent by enlightening
them on their common origin/similar prejudices from the Europeans.
(vii) It appealed/put pressure on international community to act against apartheid
regime in South Africa.
(viii) It encouraged the formation of nationalist movements which liberated Africans
from colonial rule.
(ix) Provided a forum for the African people to discuss their common problems both
internal and external.
(x) It laid the basis for interest in research on African cultures.
24. (a) Give live responsibilities of the state governments in the United States ofAmerica.
(i) To maintain law and order.
(ii) To generate revenue.
(iii) To provide educational facilities.
(iv) To administer justice.
(v) To provide health facilities.
(vi) To provide recreational facilities.
(vii) To make/pass laws.
(b) Explain five functions of the cabinet in India.
(i) It formulates policy matters that are followed by the state/federal governments
in the provision of services.
(ii) It recommends all the major appointments made by the president in the various
sectors of the government.
(iii) It advises the president/prime minister on various matters of the state/federal
government.
(iv) It settles interdepartmental disputes in order to ensure harmonious working
relations between them.
(v) It co-ordinates activities/programmes/functions of the departments in their respective ministries.
(vi) It defends government policies/decisions both within and outside the parliament,
thereby popularising those policies.
(vii) It approves all proposals for the legislative enactment of the government policies.
(viii) It oversees the execution/implementation of government policies so as to ensure service delivery to the people.