Problem 1: A ____ is a specific, measurable standard against which actual performance is compared. They are used to describe costs, benefits, or the ratio between them.
Problem 2: Metrics that deal directly with performance (e.g., sales, profits) are frequently measured by _____, which are the quantitative expression of critically important metrics (known as critical success factors).
Problem 3: In an ____ analysis, analysts convert future values of benefits to their present-value equivalents by discounting them at the organization's cost of funds.