1) Explain how an IP packet might become duplicated and arrive twice at its destination.
2) Some researchers in networking complain that networking protocols have become "ossified." What do they mean by that, and why might that be so? Who benefits from "ossified" protocols?
3) Using Google or some other source, find a list of other "well-known ports" in networking besides port 80.
4) Most internet communications use the TCP protocol, but some do not. Some communications use only the IP protocol. Another name for the IP protocol is user datagram protocol (UDP). Why would an application choose to use UDP? Can you think of a category of applications that might prefer UDP?