Personality Theories
Discussion of Innate Good
Thesis Statement
Theologians as well as psychologists have disputed the concept of innate good. Within the personality study, this remains to be a matter of grave concern. It is a fact that people who are born withinnate goodness seek better ways of expressing the concept. The truth is that this may seem to beeither tooobvious to some people. Whenever people are reminded of this notion, a sense of possibility and relief is driven across. This does not imply that evil deeds do not exist, they do exist. However, the sense of innate goodness exists as well. Actually, this goodness iscomprehendedundoubtedly and persuasivelyeach and every time by a personal destruction obsession as well as the near consistent questioning of the motivations of each other (Ewen & Ewen,2014). The results of these tendencies are to disparage and demean the public life. They are an indication to people that indeed goodness bears no space at all in the public domain. This paper seeks to discuss the concept of innate good in relation to several personality theories and offer support or debate to the innate goodness concept.
People do have an innate goodness sense that is always waiting tobe highlighted. The real task facing people is the idea of giving room for innate goodness. That is, to offer space whereby it can appear and be expressed. Through this, it can be harnessed in a manner that can allow people join together for productive common purposes as well as to give stories that are a reflection to its power and persuasiveness(Ewen & Ewen,2014).But then, one clear fact is that emphasizing the innate goodness is not all about clarity, it is about whether people are able to find ways of coming together even during differences and dislikes or whether they will withdraw to the sidelines to allow pessimism and indecisiveness to win the day.
1. Trait theories
` The discussion of innate goodness in relation to the trait theories possesses a major weakness. This weakness is as a result of Sheldon's morphological grouping system as well as other kind theories in common is the component of overgeneralizationessential in enlistingpersons into a sologroup, which disregards the truth that each and every personasignifies anexceptional quality combination. The structuresthat define personality as a blend of merits or proportions are referred to as trait theories. Renowned trait theorist Gordon Allport (1897-1967) widelyexaminedmeans by which traits merge to createusual personalities, classifying over 18,000 distinctbehaviors over a 30 year period. He projected that everyone possesses close to sevenfundamental traits that controltheir behavior. Hans Eysenck suggested that the definition of character could be based on three vitalaspects: psychoticism (antisocial traits likemalice and denunciation of common customs), introversion-extroversion, and emotionality-stability (neuroticism)(Ewen & Ewen,2014). He also expressed a quadrant based on interconnecting emotional-stable and introverted-extroverted axes thus bringing a perception of trait theories supporting innate goodness.
2. Biological theories
Variances in physiological functioning that are genetically determined markpersons more susceptible to developmental conditioning. Eysenck suggests that people who are introverted beargreater physiological arousal levels which allow them to be easily habituated by environmental stimuli. As a result of this, such people advance more reserves that make them shy and uncomfortable in social circumstances. Empiricalindication for genetic influences to personality majorly comes from two study forms: children's temperaments studies and heritability studies.
In Temperament studies, temperament denotesthe features of innate personality. Babies highlight certain temperaments right after birth.Studied temperaments include reactivity, which indicate a baby's receptiveness, and soot ability. Studies of children from infancy to adolescence have discovered that temperaments endure fairstability over time. However, temperaments can as well be adapted over time by ecological factors.
Heritability studies also deliver evidence for genetic influences to personality. Heritability is a calculatedapproximation that designatesthe amount of a trait's variation in a populace can be accredited to genes.
The Influence of Family Environment towards an individual's innate goodness has been proven by research to be of no influence to personality. There is little or no association between the character traits of adopted offspring including their adoptive parents. This is probably because parents act differently as compared to their children. Children's temperaments impacton their parent's behavior towards them. A child's gender and birth place can also affect how that child is treated (Murphy, 2013).Environmental Influences also have an impact on personalityi.e.peer relationships and the situationsencountered by a kid. The relation between innate features and ecological factors are two-way. Children's temperaments probably influence their peer relationships and the scenarios they come across.Likewise, peers and scenarios can alter children's personality features.
3. Humanistic theories
The humanistic theory was established by a group of American psychologists (Maslow, Rogers, Fritz Perls and others) who were dissatisfied with the psychoanalytical approach in the 1940's and 1950's. Carl Rogers came up with a person-centeredmethodfounded on the notion that the customer was at the center of the assisting process and that they had their own self- healing capacity within themselves. He hypothesized that through the creation of a safe, private, non-judgmental and un-biased safe setting and that thecounselor is open and honest towards the client then the client will use their own wisdom in healing themselves in the way that's right for them (Schneider& Krug, 2010). That theory is one of growth and development and it explores creativity encourages self-awareness and self-development thus backing up the concepts of innate goodness(DeRue, et.al, 2011). According to Maslow's theory, people are always determined in their self-improvement, to raise and develop to their full potential. He referred to this as self-actualization. He also theorized the process of people consistentlygrowing and changing in their life. He referred to this process as actualization. Rogers hypothesized that individuals grow up culturing behavior that they feel is expected from them by family and society and that sometimes this conduct is in conflict with the individuals true natural character, they may possess diverse moral values or opinions as compared to their parents yet won't reveal it in fear of facing rejection (Murphy, 2013). The more ‘imported' restraints imposed upon a person the more conflict will occur with their natural self they ought to be. This can lead to feelings of anxiety and the feeling something is ‘wrong and they will struggle within the conflict. Humanistic approach believes that persons are innately good with a solid desire to improve themselves and their situations(DeRue, et.al, 2011). Humanistic counselingaids in enabling clients to grow and develop by promising them to be more conscious of their innermost feelings by offering them the six core situationsthat provide a climate conductive to growth and therapeutic change(Schneider & Krug, 2010). The six coresinclude:
* Therapist-client psychological contact
* Vulnerability of Client
* The perception of the client
* Unconditional positive regard
* Empathic understanding
* Therapeutic Genuineness
4. Behavioral theories
The behaviorist approach perceives personality as an outline of educatedconductsattained either via classical (Pavlovian) or operant (Skinnerian) habituation and formed by support inreward form. A comparativelycurrentbehaviorism allowance, the cognitive-behavioral methodstresseson the role played perception in theeducation process(DeRue, et.al, 2011). Theorists of intellectual and communal learning not only emphasize on the noticeablecharacters people exhibit but also on their anticipations and their sentimentstowards others, themselves, and their own behavior (Barsalou, 2014). For instance, one variable in the overallpersonality theory developed by a social learning theorist Julian Rotter is internal-external orientation. "Internals" perceive themselves to be directing events, whereas "externals" view occasionsto be greatly outside their control (DeRue, et.al, 2011). Another feature that distinctifies the cognitive-behavioral approach from old-fashioned behaviorism formsis its emphasis on discovering what happens in social circumstancesvia observation, which contradicts with the reliance of classical models (Barsalou, 2014).
Other than the personality form and dynamicsconcepts, a major study area in the personality study is the manner in which it progresses in the course of an individual's lifetime. A fascinating area is the study of how personality is variable across societies. To be able to know whether personality structure and formation observations reflect universal facts or just cultural influences, it is essential to learn and associate the featuresof personality and innate goodnessin diversecultures. For instance,importantvariances have been discovered between the developments oftemperament in the characteristicWestern cultures. Cross-cultural variances may as well be witnessedin a particularculturethrough learning the differences between its leading culture and subcultures (Murphy, 2013).