Problem 1: Revisit the Hershey/Chase Experiment done in 1952.
In short, as you know, bacteriophages (a certain group of bacteria viruses) only have proteins and DNA. Also, bacteriophages actively inject their genetic material into the bacteria cells. The other molecule that is not genetic material stays outside.
In 1952, Hershey and Chase performed an experiment to find out whether proteins carry the genetic material or DNA is our genetic material. They infected bacteria either with bacteriophages that were made out of radioactive protein or that contained radioactive DNA. After infection, anything that was attached to the bacteria was removed. The cells were centrifuged so that all cells were at the bottom of the tube. Then they measured whether the bacteria cells were radioactive or the outside liquid.
Assume that the hypothesis is that Proteins carry the genetic material. Based on that hypothesis, what is the expected result if you infect bacteria with bacteriophages that have radioactive protein? Do you expect the cells to be radioactive or the liquid?
Explain your answer
Problem 2: An experiment was conducted to test the effects of a high-protein diet on the ability of chickens to lay eggs that have a high-protein content. Ten chickens were obtained from three chicken-breeding farms (all were hens), and their diet consisted of a mixture of fish, cheese, and soybeans. Eggs produced from this group of chickens were found to have a slightly higher protein content than eggs purchased at a local grocery store. From this, the investigator concluded that the diet fed to the chickens was responsible for the protein increase in the eggs. Do you agree, or disagree, and why? Explain your answer
Problem 3: A friend of yours loves strawberries. This friend always sweetens the strawberries with sugar. The strawberries become softer and loose some red juice.
Explain why this happens.
What cellular structure is responsible for this phenomenon?
Problem 4: Briefly describe the flow of blood through the heart and lungs, mentioning the heart chambers and major vessels.
Problem 5: What causes a "heart murmur"?
Problem 6: Describe as to why Carbon monoxide is so dangerous. What is the mechanism behind this deadly molecule?
Problem 7: What is the function of a red blood cell, and how long do red blood cells live
Problem 8: What is sickle cell anemia?
Problem 9: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder. People that have sickle cell are generally miserable. Thinking about evolution, because of its severity, it should not exist anymore in the human population. However, it is quite prevalent (found frequently) in people born in sub-Saharan Africa. Why? (Hint, is there an advantage to have sickle cell?)
Problem 10: Explain why T helper cells (aka T lymphocytes) are crucial for the development of antibodies and as such crucial to develop immunity.
Problem 11: What determines a blood type and what blood type is a universal donor, and which one a universal acceptor (in other words, what blood type can be given to any person, and what blood type can be given any blood type)
Problem 12: Assume your friend's dad has blood type A-, and his/her mom blood type B-. What possible blood types can your friend have? Explain your answer.
Problem 13: The ABO Blood type and the rhesus factor +/- can be used for paternity testing
The genes determining the ABO blood types are co-expressing.
That means that
- a person with blood type A can have the following genetic make up: AA or AO.
- a person with blood type B can have the genetic make up BB or BO.
- a person with blood type O has the genetic make up of OO.
The rhesus factor is dominant. That means, that if a person is +, that person can have the genetic make up of +/+ or +/-
If the person is rho -, then this person's genetic make up is -/-
Just remember that each child will have one gene copy from their mom, and one gene copy from their dad.
The mother of a child has blood type A-. The child's blood type is B+. There are 2 possible fathers.
Father 1 has blood type AB+
Father 3 has t blood type A-
Write down the possible genetic makeup of the mother, the child and the two possible dads. Based on that, which dad is the possible father?