Test on Argumentation
Test should be completed and submitted to the link below. You may use the book or the internet, but if you use any source besides the book, include an APA Reference for the source.
DEFINITIONS
Define or give examples of the following:
1. Argumentation -the action or process of reasoning systematically in support of an idea, action, or theory.
2. Emotional Appeal -An emotional appeal is a method of persuasion that's designed to create an emotional response.
3. Argument ad hominem -Ad hominem (Latin for "to the man" or "to the person"), short for argumentum ad hominem, is where an argument is rebutted by attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, or persons associated with theargument, rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself.
4. Post Hoc -occurring or done after the event.
5. Non Sequitur -A non sequitur, in formal logic, is an invalid argument.
6. False Analogy - False analogy is an informal fallacy. It applies to inductive arguments.
7. False Dilemma (black or white) -A false dilemma is a type of informal fallacy in which something is falsely claimed to be an "either/or" situation, when in fact there is at least one additional option.
8. Hasty Generalization -Hasty generalization is an informal fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductivegeneralization based on insufficient evidence-essentially making a rushed conclusion without considering all of the variables.
9. Syllogism -A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.
10. Inductive reasoning -a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.
CONNOTATION
Write the letter of the word with the most favorable connotation.
1. Student activists like to publicize their (a) radical ideals.( I)
2. The love-sick youth (b) whispered sweet nothings in her ear.(H)
3. Everyone admired Marian's (a) unusual costume.(L)
4. The teacher told Jimmy's mother that he was (c) disruptive.(B)
5. He was (a) reckless in his driving.(C)
In the blank, write the letter of the word with the least favorable connotation.
1. Jane's remark was (c) vicious.(T)
2. Roy's (c) pigheadness always gets him in trouble.(S)
3. In (c) a long-winded speech, the senator made his bid for support. (B)
4. Fred's employers all said that he was (a) abnormal.(D)
5. Bill's aunt is a (c) well-known actress in New York.(F)
FALLACIES IN ARGUMENTATION
Write the letter of the type of fallacy or faulty reasoning used in the sentence.
1. If the Jews are legally or morally entitled to Israel, then Mussolini would have been entitled to claim Britain as a colony of the ancient Roman empire. (a) false analogy (b) ad hominem (c) begging the question(C)
2. His handwriting is hard to read because it is illegible. a) false analogy (b) post hoc (c) Begging the question(B)
3. Students are like machines; they should be oiled regularly with recreation and given frequent rests or they will wear out. a) false analogy (b) begging the question (c) false dilemma(A)
4. He has no business talking about the responsibilities of a democracy because he has just gotten out of jail.(a) ad hominem(b) post hoc (c) begging the question(A)
5. The national average of school teachers' salaries is twenty thousand dollars a year. North Carolina teachers make excellent salaries. (a) False dilema (b) post hoc (c) Misleading statistics.(C)
6. Industrialism was not established until after the Protestant Reformation. Therefore, the reformation was the cause of industrialism. (a) ad hominem (b) post hoc (c) hasty generalization(B)
7. Buy Nike tennis shoes. Michael Jordon says they help him win ball games.(a) doubtful authority (b) post hoc (c) begging the question (A)
8. All United States citizens should go to college. (a) ad hominem (b) hasty generalization (c) non sequitur (B)
9. Janet Jackson has had a face lift, and she has long black hair. She is a terrible singer.(C)
(a) begging the question (b) post hoc (c) ad hominem
TRUE-FALSE
Decide if the following statements are true or false.
1. Argumentation is any type of writing which attempts to change thereader's mind or opinion about an issue.(T)
2. Connotation can often be used effectively in argumentation.(T)
3. Deductive reasoning has a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.(F)
4. A syllogism contains two major premises and two minor premises.(T)
5. You should never use appeals based on reason or logic.(T)
6. False dilemma assumes there are only two solutions for a given issue(T)
7. Fallacies in reasoning can occur when you are writing essays.(T)
8. In a traditional argumentation essay, you must include a refutation.(F)
9. In persuasion, the writer tries to convince the reader to do something.(T)
10. If you use a connotative word, you should always use a favorable connotation.(T)
Define the following:
1. Hypothesis- a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
2. Ethical Appeal- is a method of persuasion that's based on the author's credibility.
3. Misleading Statistics- Using numbers in such a manner that - either by intent, or through ignorance or carelessness - the conclusions are unjustified or incorrect.
4. Bandwagon-When someone adopts a popular point of view for the primary purpose of recognition and/or acceptance by others.
1. 5. Ethical appeal-is a method of persuasion that's based on the authors credibility.
6. Guilt by association- guilt ascribed to someone not because of any evidence but because of their association with an offender.
7. Deductive- using logic or reason to form a conclusion or opinion about something.
8. Connotation- an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
9. Denotation-the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.
10. Red herring- something, especially a clue, that is or is intended to be misleading or distracting.