The case
The Keller All-Star Growth Fund (the Keller Fund) was a medium-sized closed-end investment company with approximately $300million invested primarily in publicly traded common stocks. Shares in the fund were owned by a large number of individual investors and were themselves listed and traded on a public stock exchange.
The Keller Fund's investment objective was to provide long-term capital appreciation. While some of its investments did yield dividends. Income was not an important consideration in its selection of stocks. Since its inception in 1985, the fund sought to achieve this objective by investing in a diversified portfolio of common stocks with above average potential for growth in revenues and earnings. High technology stocks tended to dominate its portfolio. In most years, the fund's return performance equaled or exceeded that of the Standard & Poor's composite index of 500 common stocks, though its net asset value experienced greater volatility than that of the market as a whole.
A Proposal to Initiate Option Trading Strategies
At a recent board meeting, one of the fund's trustees proposed that the board consider using put and call options as a means of enhancing the fund's performance. The fund's charter permitted it to engage in options trading, though it had not yet made use of this privilege. The trustee suggested that intelligent trading in options on a regular basis might be able to improve the fund's returns, while possibly lowering its volatility. If the board did approve the initiation of an options trading policy, the fund's charter would permit the following investment strategies:
- Buying the stock of a listed company.
- Buying a call option on a listed stock.
- Writing (i.e., selling) a call option on a listed stock.
- Buying a put option on a listed stock.
- Selling a put option on a listed stock.
- Various combinations of the above strategies.
Without committing the fund to pursue option trading, the board agreed that studying the concept would be in order. To prepare for their discussion at the next meeting, the trustees requested that a pilot study of the profits or losses resulting from selected option trading be conducted. As a first step, the fund officer assigned to oversee the pilot study decided to collect some information about option contracts on the common stock of AT&T Corporation and Lotus Development Corporation. These stocks were both being considered by the fund for possible purchase in the near future.
Option Prices
On Tuesday, January l8, 1994, the stock of both AT&T and Lotus closed at exactly $55 per share. Various put and Call options for each of these stocks traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. As shown in Exhibit1, the maturity of these options ranged from a few days to 2years in the case of AT&T options (options with maturities longer than 1year were called LEAPS). All of these contracts were so-called American options in that they could be exercised by the holder any time on or before maturity.
The quoted option prices shown in Exhibit l were in dollars per share. Each option , however, represented a contracts buy or sell 100 shares. Thus, a call option contract quoted at, say, 5 (see the Lotus April 55 call option) would actually cost $500 per contract and would give the buyer the right to purchase 100 shares of Lotus's common stock.
Background information about AT&T and Lotus is provided in Exhibits 2 and 3 respectively.
EXHIBIT 1
Selected closing Option Prices, January 18, 1994
|
Stock's closing price
|
Exercise Price
|
Month of maturity
|
Exercise Price
|
Month of maturity
|
|
1994
|
1995 Jan
|
1996 Jan
|
1994
|
1995 Jan
|
1996 Jan
|
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
April
|
July
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
April
|
July
|
|
A. Options on AT&T Corp's Stocka
|
|
Calls
|
Puts
|
|
55
|
30
|
25.0
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
30
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
|
55
|
50
|
5.0
|
--
|
--
|
6.375
|
7.875
|
10.25
|
50
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
2.0
|
3.25
|
|
55
|
55
|
0.5
|
1.375
|
2.3125
|
3.5
|
5.25
|
8.0
|
55
|
0.5
|
1.125
|
2.0625
|
2.75
|
4.375
|
5.5
|
|
55
|
60
|
0.0625
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
60
|
4.75
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
|
55
|
65
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
1.5
|
--
|
65
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
|
B. Option on Lotus development Corporation's Stocka
|
|
Calls
|
Puts
|
|
55
|
55
|
1.375
|
2.875
|
5.0
|
|
|
|
55
|
0.75
|
2.625
|
--
|
|
|
|
|
55
|
60
|
0.0625
|
1.75
|
--
|
|
|
|
60
|
4.0
|
5.5
|
--
|
|
|
|
a. Expiration dates are as follows: January 22, 1994; February 19, 1994; April 16, 1994; January 21, 1995; and January 20, 1996.
EXHIBIT 2
Background Information on AT & T Corp. (millions of dollars except per share data)
AT&T Corp. is the largest U.S. provider of ling-distance and cellular telephone services. It is also a major supplier of telecommunications equipment, computers, information management services, and leasing and financial services. In 1993 telecommunications provided 59% of its total revenues. AT&T's stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
|
|
|
|
|
Per Share
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stock Price
|
|
|
Year
|
Revenues
|
Operating Income
|
Net Income
|
Earnings
|
Dividends
|
High
|
Low
|
P/E Ratio
|
|
1989
|
50,976
|
7,634
|
2,697
|
2.50
|
1.20
|
473/8
|
281/8
|
19-11
|
|
1990
|
51,321
|
7,821
|
2,735
|
2.51
|
1.32
|
465/8
|
29
|
19-12
|
|
1991
|
63,089
|
9,451
|
522
|
0.40
|
1.32
|
403/8
|
29
|
NM
|
|
1992
|
64,089
|
9,941
|
3,807
|
2.86
|
1.32
|
531/8
|
365/8
|
19-13
|
|
1993
|
67,156
|
9,864
|
3,974
|
2.94
|
1.32
|
65
|
501/8
|
22-17
|
EXHIBIT 3
Background Information on Lotus Development Corporation (millions of dollars except per share data)
Lotus Development Corporation is a leading developer, producer, and vendor of applications software and information services. Its major desktop applications include spreadsheet and word-processing programs, and communications products and services, including groupware and electronic mail offerings. Lotus's stock is traded over the counter on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) system.
|
|
|
|
|
Per Share
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stock Price
|
|
|
Year
|
Revenues
|
Operating Income
|
Net Income
|
Earnings
|
Dividends
|
High
|
Low
|
P/E Ratio
|
|
1989
|
556
|
106
|
68.0
|
1.61
|
Nil
|
331/2
|
18
|
21-11
|
|
1990
|
692
|
147
|
23.3
|
0.54
|
Nil
|
391/4
|
121/2
|
73-23
|
|
1991
|
829
|
154
|
43.1
|
0.98
|
Nil
|
403/4
|
143/4
|
42-15
|
|
1992
|
900
|
151
|
80.4
|
1.87
|
Nil
|
383/4
|
143/4
|
21-8
|
|
1993
|
981
|
181
|
55.5
|
1.24
|
Nil
|
583/4
|
183/4
|
47-15
|
QUESTIONS
1. Suppose that on January 18, 1994, Lotus's stock was valued at $75.00 per share instead of $55.00. What are the very least you would expect to pay for the February 1994 call option exercisable at $55? What is the most? In general, what factors should enter into a determination of the appropriate price to pay?
2. Compare the prices of options on Lotus's stock and those on AT&T's. Why are options with identical exercise prices and maturity dates, and written on stocks with identical prices, selling for different prices? Do options on one of these two stocks provide investors with superior investment opportunities in comparison to the other?