ANTHROPOLOGY MARRIAGE, MORTALITY, AND FERTILITY EXAM -
Q1. Which factors provide the BEST explanation of high rates of polygyny throughout West Africa (pick 3)?
a. Fathers demand bride wealth payments for daughters.
b. A surplus of brides due to the presence of female war captives.
c. Low average age at first marriage for females coupled with high average age at first marriage for males.
d. Long post-partum sex taboos and male sexual deprivation.
e. A shortage of husbands due to high male mortality.
f. Wives are largely self-sufficient economically.
g. Widows are barred from remarriage.
Q2. According to Shepherd, Sirayan mandatory abortion is BEST accounted for by (pick 2):
a. High population pressure.
b. Long life expectancy.
c. Headhunters' fear of danger from a wife's pregnancy.
d. Powerful priestesses.
e. Family formation delayed by male age grade service.
f. The need for female agricultural labor.
g. Narcissism of young women.
Q3. Lower fertility rates may lead to lower child and infant mortality rates because (circle the correct answers):
a. there are ____ high parity births. More or Fewer
b. weaning may occur ____. Earlier or Later
c. maternal mortality may ____. Increase and Decline
d. there is ____ neglect of unwanted children. More or Less
Q4. Compared to conjugal/nuclear families, joint/extended families have (circle the correct answers):
a. more or less - pooling of incomes and expenses
b. more or less - senior generation control of marriage choice
c. more or less - intergenerational payback obligation
d. more or less - separate residence for married couples
e. higher or lower - average age at marriage
f. more or less - pressure to bear children
g. more or less - companionate marriage
Q5. Maternal mortality appears to have risen in the U.S. and England in the early nineteenth century because (pick 2):
a. Midwives remained popular among the poorer classes.
b. Doctors spread infection to maternity patients.
c. The average age at marriage rose.
d. Doctors were more likely to adopt invasive procedures than midwives.
e. There was a shortage of hospital beds for deliveries.
Q6. Declining levels of disease and mortality may cause fertility to rise (rather than fall as predicted by demographic transition theory) because (pick 3):
a. families have more children than they want.
b. sterility rates decline.
c. maternal mortality and stillbirth rates decline.
d. breastfeeding duration may lengthen.
e. there are fewer widows of childbearing age.
f. infants are more likely to survive.
Q7. Based on the discussion of the decline of mortality in the nineteenth century and the epidemiological transition, link the following causes of death (left column) to the measures or conditions that most contributed to their decline by filling in the appropriate letter (leave two blank).
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a. bubonic plague
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___ decline in co-morbid diseases
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b. cholera, diarrheas
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___ swamp drainage
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c. tuberculosis
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___ better sewers, filtered water
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d. smallpox
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___ antiseptic practices
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e. malaria
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___ better food preservation
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___ quarantines
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___ vaccination
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Q8. Indicate the trend in % of total deaths (by circling i, ii, or iii) for each of the listed causes of death when a population is passing through the "epidemiological transition" (Omran):
a. cancer % (i) increases (ii) remains constant (iii) decreases
b. violence % (i) increases (ii) remains constant (iii) decreases
c. respiratory disease % (i) increases (ii) remains constant (iii) decreases
d. heart disease % (i) increases (ii) remains constant (iii) decreases
e. infectious disease % (i) increases (ii) remains constant (iii) decreases
Q9. In an "aging population" the following are true (pick 2)
a. the age pyramid becomes increasingly columnar in shape.
b. declining mortality means more reproductive age people produce more babies.
c. 'population aging' results when fertility rates decline.
d. the population has a low crude death rate
e. the dependency ratio decreases because there are fewer children.
Q10. In the earliest stages of the epidemiological transition in the mid to late 19th century, when mortality declines from high levels, and life expectancies increase from as low as 30 to 45 (pick the best 3):
a. most survival gains are made by older children and young adults.
b. men benefit more than women.
c. infant mortality rates improve very little.
d. medical cures reduce the death rate.
e. public health and sanitation reduce exposure to infectious diseases.
f. drugs and immunizations bolster resistance to disease.
g. improved nutrition bolsters resistance to disease.
h. disease agents ('germs') decrease in virulence.
Q11. According to Wrigley, what caused the English population to grow in the eighteenth century? Pick the most important 2:
a. immigration.
b. declining mortality.
c. increasing age specific marital fertility rates.
d. declining average age at marriage.
e. declining celibacy.
f. declining rates of divorce and spousal separation.
g. declining age at menarche.
h. increasing illegitimacy.
Q12. According to Bongaarts, what factors contribute to the biggest variations in a (non-contracepting) woman's total fertility? Pick 2:
a. coital frequency
b. age at marriage
c. age at menopause
d. duration of breastfeeding
e. intrauterine mortality rate
Q13. According to Howell, !Kung women marry earlier but have fewer children on average than Hutterite women. This is because !Kung women have (pick 2):
a. longer birth intervals
b. poorer nutrition
c. lower coital frequency
d. earlier age at final birth
e. higher intrauterine mortality
Q14. Link the disease in the left column with its associated (carrier, reservoir, host) animal appropriate letter (leave two blank):
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a. influenza
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___ burrowing rodents
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b. bubonic plague
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___ horses
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c. malaria
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___ aedes mosquitoes
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d. typhus
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___ pigs and ducks
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e. rabies
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___ dogs and raccoons
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f. yellow fever, zika
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___ anopheles mosquitoes
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___ lice
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___ snails
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Q15. According to Dyson and Moore, compared to North India, South India has (circle the correct answers):
a. more or less - village exogamy
b. earlier or later - female age at marriage
c. more or less - close kin marriage
d. higher or lower - fertility
e. higher err or lower - sex ratio (males/100 females)
f. more or less - female infanticide
g. more or less - female labor force participation
h. more or less - access to health care outside the family
i. more or less - female inheritance of land
j. more or less - concern for female chastity
k. higher or lower - female literacy rates
Q16. The leading causes of death following a crop failure caused by flood or drought are most likely to be (pick 3):
a. starvation.
b. gastro-intestinal diseases spread through contaminated water supplies.
c. cannibalism.
d. infections introduced through migration.
e. insect-borne diseases like malaria and dengue.
f. infant mortality in rural families.
g. bandit raids.
h. heart failure and stroke.
Q17. With respect to theories of fertility decline and the demographic transition, which of these phenomena support Cleland and Wilson's theory of diffusion/ideational shift AND contradict cost/benefit theories of the value of children and payback (intergenerational wealth flows) (pick 3):
a. child neglect in large families.
b. decline of fertility as education costs for children rise.
c. higher rates of female literacy and lower fertility.
d. higher female labor force participation and lower fertility.
e. the near simultaneity of the fertility decline across Europe.
f. high fertility in mining areas.
g. fertility increase with protoindustrialization.
h. high fertility in frontier areas.
i. a fertility decline that precedes a decline in child mortality.
Q18. Compared to men, women have lower death rates and longer life expectancy in modern western societies because (pick 3):
a. pregnancy increases immunity
b. female newborns weigh more
c. male newborns have less developed lungs.
d. women often nurse the ill members of their families.
e. women have fewer accidental and traumatic deaths.
f. men have higher levels of substance abuse.
g. female hormones help resist degenerative diseases.
Q19. Compared to hunting and foraging populations like the !Kung, pre-modem agricultural populations (pick 3):
a. experience more density dependent diseases.
b. prolong breastfeeding as there are few infant food supplements.
c. have fewer problems with sanitation and accumulation of wastes.
d. have both higher fertility and higher infant mortality.
e. have longer birth intervals.
f. have longer life expectancies.
g. have more infant deaths due to earlier weaning.
h. limit the child care-burden due to need to maintain mobility.
Q20. A disease like measles may become a "childhood disease" because (pick 3):
a. it is milder and causes less mortality than other diseases.
b. it can only affect children who have immature immune systems.
c. it primarily attacks "new susceptibles."
d. survivors of cases acquire long-term immunity.
e. the host population is large enough to sustain it as an endemic disease.
f. vaccination has eliminated it among adults.
Q21. The decline in tuberculosis ("TB") as a cause of death in late 19th century America and Europe is best attributed to which factors? (pick 3):
a. TB is a nutritionally sensitive disease.
b. TB is often activated when a primary infection reduces an individual's resistance.
c. immigrants from Europe brought TB to America.
d. TB is caused by bacteria.
e. exposure rates for TB remained high.
f. diarrheal diseases declined when cities improved their sewage disposal and water supplies.
g. milk supplies were contaminated with bovine TB.
h. vaccination reduced smallpox.
Q22. Compared to other agricultural groups, populations living in pre-modern "civilized disease pools" (as defined in McNeill's disease history) (pick 3):
a. have more childhood diseases.
b. live at higher densities and in greater contact with cities.
c. have more effective medical care.
d. have lower levels of built-up immunities.
e. have less exposure to disease.
f. may transmit deadly diseases to isolated, virgin populations.
g. have more sanitary living conditions.
h. have lower death rates and lower fertility rates.
Q23. According to Goody, compared to "wealth in people" societies, "wealth in property' societies have (circle the correct answers):
a. more or less - permanent land rights
b. more or less - class stratification
c. higher or lower - population densities
d. more or less - brideprice
e. more or less - class homogamy
f. more or less - daughter neglect
g. more or less - diverging devolution/dowry
h. more or less - co-wife polygyny
i. more or less - widow remarriage
j. more or less - fosterage
k. more or less - concubines
l. more or less - lateral inheritance
m. more or less - cousin marriage
n. more or less - filiacentric/uxorilocal marriage
Q24. In the modem U.S., more education tends to lower a woman's fertility because educated women are (pick the best 4):
a. more likely to learn about contraceptive methods.
b. more likely to reject traditional post-partum abstinence norms.
c. more likely to be employed outside the home.
d. more likely to postpone marriage.
e. less likely to breastfeed for long periods.
f. more likely to seek healthcare for infections causing sterility.
g. more likely to want high levels of education for their children.
Q25. Look at Coale's "Magic square;" this is the graph relating levels of fertility to life expectancy (see below). In a population with an expectation of life at birth of 33,
a. What percent of women are likely to survive to the mean age of childbearing?
b. On average, how many children must a woman bear if the population is to remain at the same number?
c. What is the crude birth rate per thousand necessary for the population to replace itself?
d. If the population is stable (no growth), what will be the crude death rate per thousand?
Q26. In most Western societies the women who were the early leaders in fertility decline and the adoption of contraception were (circle the correct choices):
a. younger or older
b. low parity or high parity
c. more educated or less educated
d. urban or rural
e. farm wives or professional women
f. secular or religious
Q27. The medieval church's power over marriage and inheritance resulted in (pick 4):
a. high frequency of cousin marriages.
b. naming the church as a residual heir.
c. requiring widows to accept levirate marriages as mandated in the Bible.
d. requiring individual consent to many.
e. recognition of a wife's infertility as grounds for divorce.
f. endowments for charities, monasteries, orphanages, hospitals.
g. ensures 'bastards' can inherit.
h. high rates of adoptions by men with infertile wives.
i. weakened parental authority over marriages of children.
j. bans elderly persons from marrying because marriage is for raising children.
Q28. The average 20 year-old native-born white American army conscript was shorter in 1880 than 1790 because (pick 3):
a. nutrition declined.
b. immigrants from Europe brought new waves of infectious disease.
c. food prices increased.
d. the proportion of the population living in cities increased.
e. food quality declined.
f. new immigrants were genetically smaller in stature.
g. the military preferred shorter soldiers.
h. children growing up in the U.S. were exposed to more disease in the 1800's than in the 1700's.
Q29. In the course of human evolution from primates to homo sapiens, which of the following changes occurred: (pick 3):
a. childbirth takes longer and is more difficult
b. bipedalism reshaped the pelvis and made the pelvic opening wider
c. newborns' heads grew smaller
d. compared to primates, humans at birth were increasingly immature
e. brachiation led to wider shoulders
f. the presentation of newborns made it easier for mothers to pull a baby from the birth canal.