1. An economy is in long-run macroeconomic equilibrium when each of the following aggregate demand shocks occurs. What kind of gap-inflationary or recessionary-will the economy face after the shock, and what type of fiscal policies would help move the economy back to potential output?
a. A stock market boom increases the value of stocks held by households.
b. Firms come to believe that a recession in the near future is likely.
c. Anticipating the possibility of war, the government increases its purchases of military equipment.
d. The quantity of money in the economy declines and interest rates increase.
2. In each of the following cases, either a recessionary or inflationary gap exists. Assume that the aggregate supply curve is horizontal so that the change in real GDP arising from a shift of the aggregate demand curve equals the size of the shift of the curve. Calculate both the change in government purchases of goods and services and the change in government transfers necessary to close the gap.
a. Real GDP equals $100 billion, potential output equals $160 billion, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.75.
b. Real GDP equals $250 billion, potential output equals $200 billion, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.5.
c. Real GDP equals $180 billion, potential output equals $100 billion, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8.