A department head wants to investigate the quality of teaching of a professor who is coming up for tenure. Tell which of the four processes (data production, displaying and summarizing, probability, or statistical inference) is involved in each of these stages:
a. The department head considers whether to simply ask students to rate various aspects of the professor's performance on a 5-point scale, or whether to also ask them to write a paragraph describing their experience in that professor's class.
b. A sample of students is surveyed, and scores on a 5-point scale are averaged for each aspect of the professor's performance. c. If all of the professor's students would give an average rating no higher than 4.0 on preparedness, it would be very unlikely to get a sample of 20 students' ratings averaging at least 4.3 on preparedness. d. Based on the responses of sampled students, the department head concludes that the mean preparedness rating for all of the professor's students is higher than 4.0.