A concrete block manufacturer operates a natural gas-fired

Question

Instructions - Show the calculation steps including ALL units and unit conversions. Present your work so that it is well organized.

Problem 1 - A blended waste oil containing a sulfur content of 2.5%, a lead content of 0.1%, an ash content of 1.2%, and a chlorine content of 5.3% is burned in a small uncontrolled boiler. The boiler is operated continuously from October 15 to March 15, and burns oil at the rate of 3.6 gallons per hour. Using AP-42 (indicates which document and table your EF values are taken from) estimate the total emissions that will be produced this winter for the following pollutants. Report the total emissions estimated for each pollutant in kilograms.

CO, CO₂, PM₁₀, Lead, NO_x, SO_x, arsenic, Chromium, Selenium.

Problem 2 - A concrete block manufacturer operates a natural gas-fired furnace-type curing kiln (rated at 20 Mbtu/hr) and burns an average of 820, 000, 000 m3 of NG annually. Sand, aggregate and cement are hauled to the site, stockpiled and then transferred to elevated storage bins and silos, much in the same way that these materials are handled at a concrete batch plant. The plant's records this past year show that 1, 320 tons of aggregate, 950 tons of sand and 2, 320 tons of cement were purchased. Using AP-42 (indicate which document and table your EF values are taken from) and considering only the combustion of natural gas and the transfer of the above materials to storage bins or unloading to an elevated silo, estimate the annual total particulate matter (PM) emissions (in kilograms per year) from each source and the overall annual total PM emissions (in kilograms per year) for this manufacturer. Which source emits the greatest amount of PM?

Problem 3 - Soil and other debris (asphalt and sawdust) contaminated by the application of waste oils containing TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) were incinerated to meet a required destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of 99.9999% of the TCDD. A total of 265,000 tons of soil and debris with an average concentration of about 80 μg/kg (TCDD concentrations ranged from 1 μg/kg to 1,800 μg/kg) were processed through an incinerator equipped with air pollution controls at a rate of 31 tons per hour. Although measurements at the time indicated that the required DRE was met, no measurements of TCDD in the stack emissions were conducted. In addition to the potential for TCDD being emitted, a few of the pollutants emitted that were measured include PM, HCl, Pb and NO_x. Using the controlled source emission factors given below (determined from a trial burn test) and a maximum potential emission for TCDD, estimate the hourly emissions of TCDD and the listed pollutants below (in kg/hour), and the total amount of emissions for all these pollutants once all of the soil and debris were incinerated.

Pollutant	Controlled Emission Factor (lb pollutant/ton soil & debris)
PM	0.0225 lb/ton
HCL	0.00034 lb/ton
Pb	0.00020 lb/ton
NOx	0.376 lb/ton

Problem 4 - A refinery must begin report its annual fugitive emissions (leaks) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for all of its equipment valves, pumps, compressor seals, connectors, etc. Each one of these represent a potential source where VOC can be emitted. Two different methods for estimating these emissions are being considered.

Method 1. Using average emission factors without VOC screening data. In this method the number of each process component is simply counted and then the average emission factors below are used.

Source	VOC Emission Factor, kg/source/yr
Pump seals light liquid heavy liquid	326 182
Valves gas/vapor light liquid heavy liquid	33 26 2
Compressors	1166
Fittings, sight-glasses, meters, etc,	2
Open-ended lines, process drains	181
Pressure relief valves (gas/vapor)	515

Method 2: Using Screening Value Range with VOC screening data. In this method, a hydrocarbon (HC) gas monitoring instrument is used to measure the background HC concentration at each source. Depending on whether the measured HC concentration falls in the range greater than or equal to 10,000 PPM (v/v) or less than 10,000 PPM (v/v), the different average emission factors given below are used.

Source	<10,000 PPM (v/v) VOC Emission Factor, kg/hr/source	≥10,000 PPM (v/v) VOC Emission Factor, kg/hr/source
Pump seals light liquid heavy liquid	0.012 0.0135	0.437 0.3885
Valves gas/vapor light liquid heavy liquid	0.0006 0.0017 0.0023	0.2626 0.0852 0.00023
Compressors	0.0894	1.608
Fittings, sight-glasses, meters, etc.	0.00006	0.0375
Open-ended lines, process drains	0.0015	0.01195
Pressure relief valves (gas/vapor)	0.0447	1.691

Use the source data given below to determine which of the two above methods the refinery would prefer to use for estimating their annual VOC emissions. Assume that each source, with the exception of process drains and open-ended pipes, will have been taken off-line for 14 days each year to perform routine maintenance on the different process areas.

Source	< 10,000 PPM (v/v) Quantity	≥10, 000 PPM (v/v) Quantity
Pump Seals light liquid heavy liquid
	37 28	5 0
Valves gas/vapor light liquid heavy liquid
	93 203 42	22 6 12
Compressor seals	48	6
Fittings, sight-glasses, meters, etc.	44	12
Pressure relief valves (gas/vapor)	108	10
Open-ended lines, process drains	29	4