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ip datagram size datagrams may have different sizes ie header area is generally fixed 20 octets but can have various options data area may contain
virtual packetsthese data packets serve same reason in internet as frames on lan every packet has a header routers which are normally gateways
tcp and udpend-to-end delivery application is connection less the basic function of connectionless service are as givenit adds extension of lan
processing an incoming arp messagewhen an arp message reaches the protocol specifies that the receiver must operate two basic steps first the
address resolution with message exchangean alternative to local calculation is a distributed function a computer that requires to find an address
address resolution with closed-form computationfor networks use reliable addressing it is possible to select an address that creates closed-form
hashing is the transformation of a string of characters into a generally shorter fixed-length key or a value that presents the original string
address resolution algorithms may be grouped into three basic types table lookup closed-form computation message exchange1 table lookupin table
random forests an ensemble of the classification or the regression trees see the classification and regression tree methods that have been fitted to
random effects are the effects attributable to an infinite set of levels of the factor of which only the random sample occur in the data for example
to use a subnet or classless address table under routers and hosts that have address must keep two pieces of information with every address the
as the internet started the original classful addressing procedure became a limitation the ip address space was being terminated because all networks
an internet address ip address is a unique 32-bit binary number given to a host and used for all interaction with the host each packet transmit
the major problems with multiple networks are as givena computer attached to a given server can only interact with other computers attached to the
if a data packet switch has a queue of data packets waiting when a new packet reach the new packet will be located on the whole queue and will have
throughput is a calculate of the rate at which data can be transmit through the network the throughput capability of the underlying hardware is known
it is a basic quantitative property of networks delay is a calculate how long it takes for a bit of data to cross across the network from one end to
there are two kinds of characteristics in case of network performancedelay
address is a full unique identifier connectionless delivery needs address on every packetconnection-oriented delivery may use a short hand that shows
in connectionless schema there is no connection required the source of data includes destination information in data and transmit to the network
sender requests connection from network other receiver agrees to connection computers interchange data through connection one-endpoint requests
at the minimum level most networks sends individual packets of data and the network needs each packet to follow an exact format dictated by the
virtual private network vpn adds the features of both public and private networks it is fixed to single organization and needs public network for
single company or organization owns this they are usually lan technologies there can be multiple lans in a campus or building linked together they
network ownership there are two types in this case1 private network2 public