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non-local references in proceduresthere is an important subtlety in the way names are handled in the environment created by a
environments in pythongenerally python establishes the following binding environments1 builtin the mother of all environments it
procedures in pythonprocedures are computer program creates that let us capture common patterns of computation by grouping together sequences of
structured assignmentonce we have tuples and lists we may use a nice trick in assignment expression based on the packing and
tuples and stringspython has two different more list-like data types that are very important to understanda tuple is a structure
variableswe cannot go very far without variables a variable is a value related to a name that we can bind to have a particular value
simple expressionsa cornerstone of a programming language is the ability to compute expressions we will start here with
expressions and assignmentwe can think of most computer programs as performing some sort of transformation on data our code may get as input the
primitives composition abstraction and patterns we will start by thinking about how the pcap framework applies to
programs and dataobject-oriented programming is a popular way of managing programs which groups together data with the procedures
coding examplesfollowing are some attempts at defining a function issubset which takes two arguments a and b and returns
bank transferwhat if we have two values representing bank accounts and need to transfer an amount of money
perimeter of a polygonnow lets consider the problem of computing the length of the perimeter of a polygon the input is a structure of
normalize a vectorlets imagine we want to normalize a vector of three variables that is to compute a new vector of three
python stylesoftware engineering courses often provide very rigid guidelines on the style of programming generally the
common errors and messageshere are some common python errors and error messages to look out for please let us give if you have any
list comprehensions python has a very nice built-in facility for doing many iterative methods known as list comprehensions the basic
what if you had a list of integer values and you need to add them up and give the sum here are a number of different types of
python has a built-in list data structure that is easy to use and incredibly convenient so for that point you can
you should use for whenever you can because it creates the structure of your loops clear sometimes however you require to do an
rangevery frequently we will want to iterate through a list of integer values often as indices python gives a useful function range which gives
for and while if we want to do some operation or set of operations various times we can handle the process in several
booleans before we talk about conditionals we require to clarify the boolean data type it has two values false and true
print vs returnhere are two different method declarationsdef f1xprint x 1 def f2xreturn x 1what happens when we call themgtgtgt f134gtgtgt
in python the fundamental abstraction of a computation is as a procedure other books call them functions instead we will end up