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dereferencing the pointer thissometimes a member function requires to make a copy of the invoking instance so that it can change the copy without
the special pointer thiswhen various instances of a class come into existence it naturally follows that each instance has its own copy of member
array of objectsa class is a template which can contain data items as well as member functions to operate on the data items various objects of the
pointers to objectspassing and returning of objects is though not very efficient since it includes passing and returning a copy of the data members
passing and returning objectsobjects can be passed to a function and returned back just like normal variables when an object is passed by content the
member functions of a classa member function of the class is similar as an ordinary function its declaration in a class template must explain its
public private and protected membersclass members can either be declared in publicprotected or in the private sections of the class but as one of the
classes and objectsa class is a vehicle to execute the oop features in the c language once a class is declared an object of that type can be
class definitionthe following is the general format of defining a class templateclass
introduction to classesobject-oriented programming oop is a conceptual approach to design programs it can be executed in many languages whether they
structuresa structure is a user-defined data type which may have different data types as its members creating a structure is a two-part process first
write a program to sort an array of strings use new and delete operatorswrite a program to find the factorial of a number using recursionif we do not
the new and delete operatorsthe c language has explained library functions- malloc and free for dynamic allocation and de-allocation of memory c
default argumentsa default argument is a value that is automatically assigned to a formal variable if the actual argument from the function call is
the scope resolution operator global variables are explained outside any functions and thus can be used by all the functions defined thereafter
variable declarationthis declaration of variables in the c language is permitted only in the starting of their block prior to executable program
commentscomments are integral part of every program comments help in coding debugging and maintaining a program the compiler ignores them they
additional keywords in cclass friend virtual inlineprivate public protected
polymorphismc supports this idea - that different objects do the right thing - by function polymorphism and class polymorphismpoly means many while
inheritance and reuseconsider a car manufacturing company when they require building a new car they have two choices they can start from the scratch
encapsulation and data hidingthe property of being a self-contained unit is known as encapsulation the idea that the encapsulated unit can be used
introduction to cc was developed by bjarne stroustrup at bell laboratories in 1983 originally it was known as c with class c as an enhancement to
different implementations of oopobject-oriented programming is not mainly concerned with the details of the program operation instead it deals with
explain object-oriented programmingobject-oriented programming oop attempts to meet these requirements providing methods for managing enormous
explain structured programmingthe principal idea behind structured programming was as easy as the idea of divide and conquer a computer program could